II  B  R.AFLY 

OF   THE 

UN  IVER.SITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 

,   917.731 


Illinois    Historic 


l 
urv 


o 

01 

CO 
H 


H 

0 


W 
o 


co 

03 

i— ) 
Pi 


c 

1=1 


HISTORY  OF  CHICAGO ; 


ITS 


INTERESTS  AND  INDUSTRY; 


TOGETHEK    WITH 

SKETCHES  OF  MANUFACTURERS  AND  MEN  WHO  HAVE  MOST  CONTRIBUTED  TO  ITS 

PROSPERITY   AND  ADVANCEMENT, 


WITH 


GLANCES  AT  SOME  OF  THE  BEST  HOTELS ; 


ALSO   THE 


PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS  WHICH  CENTER  IN  CHICAGO. 


33Y    I.    3D. 


C  H  I  C  A  G-  O  : 

CHURCH,  GOODMAN  &  GUSHING,  BOOK  AND  JOB  PRINTERS, 
51    Ac    53    La  Salle    Street. 

1863. 


• 


b 

ISAAC    D.    OUYER 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Uaited  States, 
for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois. 


CYKUS  J,    WAKD, 

BINDKK, 

No.  186  Lake  Street. 


SALUTATION. 

THE  Title  of  this  Volume  defines  its  subject;   and  the  subject,  it  is  presumed, 
explains  its  object.     The  character  of  the  age  is  progress  —  it  is  practical  — 
and  "  Commerce  is  King. " 

The  author  of  this  volume  was  induced  to  undertake  its  publication,  after  many 
solicitations  by  leading  commercial  and  manufacturing  firms  in  Chicago.  To  our 
patrons  and  the  public,  we  submit  the  result  of  the  invitation. 

The  necessity  that  seemed  to  exist  for  a  more  permanent,  reliable,  and  compre- 
hensive guide,  for  the  people  throughout  the  North-West,  to  the  highest  class  of. 
Commercial  Houses  and  Manufacturing  Establishments,  forms  the  basis  upon  which 
this  work  was  projected.  The  public  cannot  fail  to  realize  improved  facilities  for 
the  transaction  of  almost  every  description  of  business,  by  consulting  these  pages— 
interesting  alike  to  those  who  buy,  and  those  who  sell ;  to  those  who  produce, 
and  those  who  consume. 

The  various  firms,  whose  business  notices  appear  in  this  book,  are  of  the  highest 
^  and  most  reliable  character,  and  are  in  all  respects  entitled  to  public  confidence. 
^  The  greatest  pains  and  discrimination  have  been  made  in  the  choice  of  subjects 
^  and  the  various  firms  who  represent  them,  as  those  who  are  familiar  with  them 
o  will  at  once  see  that  no  attention  has  been  given  to  anything  not  fully  worthy 
-  of  the  representations  offered. 

The  publisher  desires  to  take  advantage  of  this  opportunity  to  acknowledge  his 

:  obligations  to  the  patrons  of  this  volume.     He   would  thank  especially   all  who 

C"  have  in  any  way  contributed  to  its  production ;  for  books  are  the  embodiment,  not 

"merely  of  the  labor  of  the  author,  but  of  a  vast  number  of  persons  occupied  in 

^seemingly  diverse  branches  of  industry.      Those  who  have  never  carried  a  book 

"'  through  the  press,  however  humble  its  pretensions,  can  form  no  idea  of  the  amount 

of  toil  and  trouble  involved.      There  was  never  a  perfect  work,  so  this  must  bear 

the  general  lot  of  criticism.    . 

We  would  acknowledge  our  special  thanks,  first  to  the  Paper  dealers,  Messrs. 
T-.G.  H.  &  L.  LAFLIN,  for  the  beautiful  quality  of  paper  furnished,  and  the  prompt- 

192532 


0  SALUTATION. 

ness  in  supplying  —  made  to  our  special  order  —  by  a  New  England  manufacturing 
company  —  in  process  of  making  the  next  day  after  the  order  was  given  for  it  in 
this  city,  —  to  the  Printers,  Messrs.  CHURCH,  GOODMAN  &  GUSHING,  for  the  general 
typographical  appearance,  which  is  its  own  best  exponent,  —  to  the  Pressman,  D. 
A.  CASHMAN,  whose  skill,  genius,  industry  and  perseverance,  has  placed  him  at  the 
head  of  his  profession, — to  the  Lithographer,  Mr.  ED.  MENDEL,  who  has  attained 
a  higher  degree  of  perfection  in  this  beautiful  art,  perhaps,  than  any  other  man 
on  this  continent, — to  the  Bookbinder,  Mr.  CYRUS  J.  WARD,  whose  praise  will  be 
spoken,  when  a  discriminating  public  shall  have  passed  their  criticism — more  effec- 
tive than  anything  our  pen  could  add  to  his  fame ;  whose  reputation  for  an  artistic 
and  reliable  Bookbinder  is  an  acknowledged  fact. 

Last,  though  not  least,  do  we  render  especial  thanks  to  those  who  have  aided 
us  by  their  generous  contributions  in  the  publication  of  this  handsome  Commercial 
Volume. 

PUBLISHES. 

CHICAGO,  MAT,  1862. 


CONTENTS. 


ART  OF  BOOKBINDING, C.  J.  WAKD.  90 

AMERICAN  LITERATURE, • KOBT.  WALSH.  55 

ARTIFICIAL  TEETH  AND  DENTAL  MATERIALS, SAML.  a  WHITE.  63 

.AGRICULTURAL  MACHINES,      .        .        .    j, W.  H.  KRETSINGEB.  168 

'ARCHITECTURE, w.  w.  BOYINGTON.  134 

AUCTION  AND  COMMISSION, JNO.  PABKEB.  145 

AMERICAN  PROFICIENCY  IN  ILLUSTRATION, WM.  D.  BAKER.  95 

BILLIARD  TABLE  MANUFACTORY, E.  BRUNSWICK  &  Co.  74 

BOOKBINDING  AND  RULING,       .        .        . W.  J.  WILSON.  177 

BRUSHES, GBO.  E.  GERTS  &  Co.  64 

CAPARISONING, TUBNEB  &  SIDWAY.  83 

CONFECTIONERY, SCANLAN  &  BEOS.  182 

COMEDY  IN  CHICAGO, McViCKER.  116 

CIVILIZERS, FUBST  &  BBADLEY.  118 

CHICAGO  &  NORTH-WESTERN  RAILWAY, 155 

CINCINNATI  &  CHICAGO  AIR  LINE  RAILROAD         ........  162 

COFFEE,  SPICES  AND  TEAS, THOMPSON  &  BILLINGS.  109 

DISTILLATION  OF  PERFUMES  AND  COIFFEUR, HUDSON.  Ill 

DISTILLING  AND  RECTIFYING,                      : A.  F.  CEOSKEY.  163 

DRY  GOODS, COOLEY,  FABWELL  &  Co.  85 

DENTAL  SURGERY, Da.  L.  BUSH.  165 

EPICURE'S  HOME,  THE .   JNO.  WRIGHT.  176 

FURS, THOS.  B.  MOKBIS  &  Co.  78 

FANCY  LEATHER  GOODS, STROBEL  &  BBO.  89 

FASHIONABLE  COSTUMER, EDWARD.  ELY.  141 

FURNITURE,  CHAIRS  AND  UPHOLSTERY HALE  &  Co.  174 

GOING  TO  HOUSEKEEPING, VAN  SCHAACK.  124 

GALENA  &  CHICAGO  UNION  RAILROAD 161 

GIFT  OF  THE  GREAT  SPIRIT, JAS.  DUFFY.  92 

HIDES,           ISAAC  S.  BUSH.  182 

HATS  AND  CAPS J.  M.  Looms.  184 

HISTORY  OF  CHICAGO,           9 

HARDWARE  AND  CUTLERY E.  HUNT.  51 

HAIR  JEWELRY M.  CAMPBELL.  61 

HOOP  SKIRTS,           FOBBEST  &  Co.  87 

INDIA  RUBBER  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURES,     .       .       .       .       .    JOHN  B.  IDESON  &  Co.  29 

INTERIOR  DECORATIONS,           JEVNE  &  ALMINI.  57 

INHERITANCE  OF  LETTERS, S.  C.  GBIQGS.  130 

IMPERIAL  CITY, ERIE  RAILWAY.  159 


X  <<>NTKXTS. 

JEWELRY,  SILVER  WARE,  ETC..                                                                            A.  H.  MILLER.  44 

LITHOGRAPHY  IN  CHICAGO, ED.  MENDEL.  99 

IRON  AND  HEAVY  HARDWARE, HALT,,  KIMBARK  &  Co.  186 

LUXURIOUS  BEDS, ...         H.  S.  HUNTINGTON.  112 

LINE  ENGRAVING, THOMAS  J.  DAY.  53 

LEATHER  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURE,          .        .        .          CHICAGO  HIDE  AND  LEATHER  Co.  81 

MANUFACTURE  OF  ALE,  BEER  AND  PORTER,      ....'.         LILL  &  DIVERSY.  37 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENT  MANUFACTURE, JULIUS  BAUER.  47 

MACHINERY  DEPOT, WALWORTH,  HUBBARD  &  Co.  70 

MECHANICAL  BAKERY, H.  C.  CHILDS.  72 

MILLINERY  GOODS, MRS.  CAREY.  93 

METAL  WAREHOUSE VANDERVORT,  DICKERSON  &  Co.  107 

MELODEONS, ,GEO.  A.  PRINCE.  109 

MUSIC  PUBLISHERS, ROOT  &  CADY.  179 

MEDICATED  BATHS, R.  C.  GUEER.  136 

MERCANTILE  UNIVERSITY,           ........        PROP.  DYHRNPUHTH.  143 

METROPOLITAN  HOTEL,             B.  H.  SKINNER.  151 

OIL  AND  LAMP  TRADE, JAS.  F.  GRIFFIN.  103 

OPTICS,  MATHEMATICS  AND  PHILOSOPHICAL  APPARATUS,        .        .    Louis  BOERLIN.  193 

PAPER  BOXES, FRANK  WEIGLE.  91 

PAPER  HANGINGS, .       .       .        E.  G.  L.  FAXON.  105 

PAPER  WAREHOUSE,          .        .         .   - G.   H.  &  L.   LAFLIN.  120 

PENNSYLVANIA  CENTRAL  RAILROAD, 158 

PITTSBURGH,  FORT  WAYNE  &  CHICAGO  RAILROAD, 156 

PUTNAM'S  GREAT  EASTERN  CLOTHING  EMPORIUM,. 171 

PATENT  LAW  AND  SOLICITING, COBURN  &  MAHRS.  175 

PRESENT  METALLIC  AGE, P.  W.  GATES.  180 

PHARMACY  AND  CHEMISTRY,           E.  H.  SARGENT.  76 

PICTURE  FRAMES  AND  LOOKING  GLASSES, HENRY  WIGGERS.  62 

PROGRESSION  OF  INVENTION, B.  F.  WIGGINS.  192 

RAILROADS, 197 

RAILROADS  OF  THE  WEST, 153 

ROOFING P.  F.  SHESKIN.  117 

STAINED  GLASS, ROBERT  CARSE.  49 

SCALES,  BALANCES,  ETC., S.  S.  HITCHCOCK  &  Co.  126 

SEED  AND  IMPLEMENT  WAREHOUSE, S.  H.  HOVEY.  141 

SHERMAN  HOUSE, P.  B.  ROBERTS.  149 

SAIL  LOFT,  ROPES,  CORDAGE,  AND  TWINE,      ....    GILBERT  HUBBARD  &  Co.  100 

STEAM  TURNING  AND  SAWING  MILLS, W.  B.  PHILIPS.  122 

ST.  LOUIS,  ALTON  AND  CHICAGO  RAILROAD, 101 

STRUGGLE  FOR  SUPREMACY, .       .       .       .    I.  M.  SINGER.  32 

SILVER  PLATING,          .       .       .       , N.  K.  INGRAM.  68 

TYPE  FOUNDRY  AND  STEREOTYPING H.  A.  PORTER.  66 

TRUSSES,  ARTIFICIAL  LEGS,  ETC., I.  B.  SEELEY.  187 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO, 194 

WHOLESALE  DRUGGISTS, LORD  &  SMITH.  146 

WHOLESALE  GROCERS, WILLIAMS,  SMITH  &  Co.  96 

WHIPS,      .               G.  W.  KING  &  Co.  167 

WOOD  ENGRAVING,           . .        .     8.  D.  CHILDS.  139 

WOOLEN  GOODS,           FIELD,  BENEDICT  &  Co.  189 


HISTORY  OF  CHICAGO. 


NO  city  or  community  on  this  continent,  or  in  the  world,  shows  so  remarkable  and 
rapid  a  growth  as  CHICAGO.  "We  have  men  among  us  to-day,  yet  in  the  prime  of 
life,  who  have  witnessed  this  transformation,  as  the  moving  of  a  panorama — men  who 
have  seen  all  there  has  been,  and  all  there  is,  of  CHICAGO,  and  lived  out  its  full  history 
to  the  present  time.  Some  who  trafficked  with  the  Indians,  when  they  were  the  prin- 
cipal customers  of  the  CHICAGO  trader;  who  afterwards  supplied  the  first  permanent 
white  settlement  with  the  necessaries  of  life ;  who  witnessed  all  its  manifold  and 
wonderful  changes,  from  the  insignificant  collection  of  huts,  to  the  magnitude  and 
commerce  of  our  present  great  city,  are  here  in  business  now. 

"While  it  is  pleasant  for  the  early  settler,  as  well  as  the  new-comer,  to  read  a  well 
defined  contrast  which  a  few  brief  years  have  made,  since  the  Indians  built  their  wig- 
wams where  our  most  thronged  and  important  business  streets  now  run ;  and  since 
the  paddles  of  the  Indian  canoes  were  only  heard  in  our  river  and  lake,  which  now 
swarm  with  vessels  having  a  total  tunnage  of  400,000  burthen,  and  which  navigate 
all  waters — though  a  full-drawn  sketch  of  these  scenes  would  be  interesting  to  every 
reader,  we  have  not  the  space  for  a  proper  and  full  expose  of  them.  Hence,  our 
"  History  of  Chicago  "  must  necessarily  be  confined  principally  to  a  narration  of  events, 
which  have  to  do  with  our  growth  in  population,  trade  and  commerce. 

Although  some  pretended  historians  have  said  "  Chicago  has  no  history,"  there  is 
enough  of  subject-matter  connected  therewith,  for  a  good-sized  volume.  Some  of  the 
leading  historical  facts  and  incidents  we  deem  of  suificient  interest  and  importance  to 
include  in  this  brief  sketch. 

ORIGIN  AND  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  NAME. — "We  first  find  upon  a  map  drawn  by  J. 
Baptiste  Louis  Franquelin,  dated  Quebec,  Canada,  1688,  (which  represents  Lake 
Michigan  and  the  North-West  with  tolerable  correctness,)  that  "  Fort  Checagou " 
occupies  the  precise  location  of  our  present  city.  This  map  of  "  New  France  "  is  in 
the  Provisional  Library  of  New  Canada.  Again,  in  an  atlas  published  by  Par  le  Sr. 
2 


10  HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO. 

Sanson,  Geographer  to  the  King,  dated  1696,  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  from  its  source  to 
its  mouth,  is  named  the  "  Chacaqua  River."  In  other  ancient  works  it  is  called  the 
"  Chacaqua  or  Divine  River." 

The  Indians  stated  that  the  place  had  its  name  from  an  old  and  beloved  Chief,  who 
was  drowned  in  the  river  "  many  —  very  many  moons  ago." 

Gen.  ^Cass  brought  from  France  an  old  manuscript  which  purported  to  be  a  letter 
from  M.  de  Ligney,  at  Green  Bay,  to  M.  de  Siette,  among  the  Illinois  Indians,  dated 
in  1726.  In  this  letter,  as  well  as  in  the  old  family  letters,  and  official  French  corres- 
pondence of  the  earlier  days  of  the  present  century,  this  place  is  alluded  to  as 
"  Chicagoux." 

As  to  the  significance  of  the  word  "  CHICAGO,"  it  has  been  contended  by  some 
writers,  that  it  was  derived  from  leeks  or  wild  onions  which  formerly  grew  profusely 
in  the  vicinity  at  an  early  day,  and  was  called  "  Checaque  "  by  the  Indians.  Others 
contend  that  it  was  derived  from  the  name  of  the  Chief  of  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians, 
who  formerly  held  undisputed  sway  over  this  region.  But  the  more  common  accept- 
ance of  the  term,  is  that  the  river  was  named  from  the  insignificant  and  unpopular 
quadruped  called  "  Checague,"  skunk  or  pole-cat,  and  the  town  named  after  the  river. 

The  significance  of  the  words  "  STRONG,  POWERFUL,  MIGHTY,"  is  the  only  one  that 
will  embrace  and  harmonize  all  the  different  applications  of  the  word.  The  Indians 
certainly  used  it  to  express  this  meaning.  When  they  heard  loud  thunder — "  the 
voice  from  the  Great  Spirit,"  they  would  reverentially  exclaim  "Checaque" — meaning 
powerful,  strong,  mighty.  And  it  is  beyond  question  that  the  word  was  frequently 
used  as  an  attribute  of  Divinity — hence  the  name  "  Checaqua,  or  Divine  Hwer"  as 
applied  to  the  largest  and  most  powerful  stream  of  water  known  to  those  tribes  who 
inhabited  the  Mississippi  valley.  "  Checaqua  "  the  Chief,  was  a  successor  of  others  of 
the  same  name,  and  was  the  most  brave,  noble  and  powerful  chief  known  to  the 
several  tribes  here  at  that  period.  He  was  chief  of  the  tribe  called  "  Tam-a-roas  " — 
the  principal  tribe  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  and  the  name  "  Checaqua"  was  an  appel- 
lation of  dignity,  power  and  superiority,  handed  down  from  father  to  son — from  one 
chief  to  his  worthy  successor.  The  leek  or  wild  onion,  called  "  Checaqua,"  or 
"  Chi-ka-go,"  was  the  strongest  and  most  powerfully  scented  vegetable  known  to  them 
— so  of  the  "  Checaque  "  animal  or  skunk. 

From  those  facts,  we  conclude  that  the  true  significance  and  meaning  of  the  word 
"  CHICAGO,"  should  be  decided  upon  as  being  "  Strong,  Powerful,  Mighty  /" — appella- 
tions which  the  very  rapid  growth  of  our  city  in  population,  wealth  and  commercial 
importance,  most  richly  entitles  her  to. 

EARLY  SETTLEMENT  OF  CHICAGO. — The  first  white  inhabitant  of  this  city  was 
Father  Marqnette,  the  Jesuit  Missionary,  who  visited  this  place  in  1673,  and  the  year 
following  erected  a  dwelling  and  an  edifice  for  the  worship  of  the  Almighty.  The 
French  and  military  afterwards  occupied  it  as  a  military  and  trading  post. 

The  author  of  "  "Wan-bun,  or  the  Early-days  in  the  Northwest,"  and  some  other 


HISTOKY   OF   CHICAGO.  11 

writers  claim  that  Mr.  John  Kinzie's  residence  was  the  first  house  built  in  Chicago — 
"  a  part  of  which  was  the  same  rude  structure  put  up  by  the  so-called  white  man,  the 
negro  Jean  Baptiste  Point-au-Sable,  about  the  year  1796."  A  Frenchman  by  the 
name  of  Le  Mai  finally  "jumped"  the  pretended  claim  of  Point-au-Sable,  and  com- 
menced trading  with  the  Indians.  A  few  years  later  John  Kinzie,  then  an  Indian 
trader  in  the  St.  Joseph  country,  Michigan,  purchased  Le  Mai's  establishment,  and  in 
1804  came  with  his  family  to  Chicago  to  reside.  Hence,  John  Kinzie  was  the  first 
permanent  white  resident  of  Chicago — the  first  to  establish  permanent  improvements 
— the  first  to  inaugurate  a  regular  trade,  and  to  form  a  nucleus  from  which  has 
sprung  up  to  its  present  marvelous  magnitude  the  city  of  Chicago.  "  If  any  person 
is  entitled  to  the  honor  of  being  styled  the  Father  of  Chicago,  that  person  is  unques- 
tionably JOHN  KINZIE." 

In  1804  the  United  States  government  established  here  a  Military  Post,  called  "  Fort 
Chicago,"  and  the  American  Fur  Company  a  trading  station.  On  the  7th  day  of 
April,  1812,  the  massacre  of  the  United  States  troops  occurred,  and  Fort  Chicago  was 
burned  by  the  Indians.  In  1817  the  Fort  was  rebuilt  at  the  same  location,  and  its 
name  changed  to  Fort  Dearborn.  This  Fort  was  abandoned  in  the  spring  of  1837, 
and  thereafter  occupied  by  private  families.* 

Every  city  has  its  "  oldest  inhabitant " — ours  is  JOHN  II.  KINZIE,  Esq.,  who  came 
here  with  his  father  in  1804,  but  subsequently  spent  several  years  at  other  points 
in  the  West,  and  finally  settled  here,  with  his  family,  in  1833.  Grurdon  S.  Hubbard, 
Esq.,  a  present  well-known  merchant,  first  came  here  in  1818,  at  which  time  he  says 
"  there  were  but  two  families  residing  here  not  connected  with  the  military  establish- 
ment. One  of  these  families  was  that  of  Mr.  John  Kinzie,  who  resided  in  the  old 
home  he  occupied  before  the  war ;  the  other  was  that  of  Antoine  Ouilmette,  a  French 
Canadian,  who  married  an  Indian  woman,  and  occupied. the  same  cabin  near  Mr. 
Kinzie's,  where  he  resided  previous  to  the  massacre.  These  houses,  with  the  magnifi- 
cent cabin  of  Burns,  were  the  only  buildings  of  the  settlement  of  Chicago,  which  had 
been  spared  from  destruction. 

In  the  fall  of  1828,  the  Winnebago  Indians  who  then  inhabited  the  country  west  of 
this  place,  became  troublesome  and  threatened  the  destruction  of  the  Fort.  Gurdon 
S.  Hubbard,  Esq.,  went  alone  on  horseback,  to  the  settlements  along  the  Wabash 
river,  and  procured  reinforcements.  He  was  absent  only  a  week,  and  returned  with 
a  goodly  number  of  hardy  pioneers,  whose  presence  acted  as  a  quietus  upon  the  Win- 
nebagoes,  and  rendered  them,  for  the  time,  very  submissive.  That  one  act  of  Mr. 
Hubbard's,  at  such  a  time,  and  under  such  circumstances,  endeared  him  to  the  settlers 
here  then,  and  showed  him  to  be  bravo,  valiant  and  humane.  There  are  a  number  of 
"  pioneer  settlers  "  still  residing  in  the  city,  whose  relation  of  incidents  would  be  an 
honor  to  them  and  interesting  to  readers,  but  our  limits  forbid  their  publication. 

*Tlie  reader  will  find  a  very  interesting,  and  detailed  narration  of  events  connected  with  the  Early 
History  of  Chicago,  in  a  work  entitled  "  Watt-bun,"  from  the  pen  of  Mrs.  J.  II.  Kinzie,  of  Chicago. 


12  HISTOEY    OF    CHICAGO. 

In  1823  there  were  but  three  families  in  Chicago,  all  occupying  log  cabins.  Major 
Long,  in  his  narrative  of  the  Government  Exploring  Expedition,  speaks  of  his  visit  to 
Chicago  in  1823,  and  represents  the  place  as  "  presenting  no  cheering  prospects,  and 
containing  but  few  huts,  inhabited  by  a  miserable  race  of  men,  scarcely  equal  to  the 
Indians  from  whom  they  descended  "  (?) — and  their  log  or  bark  houses  as  "  low,  filthy 
and  disgusting — displaying  not  the  least  trace  of  comfort,  and  as  a  place  of  business 
affording  no  inducements  to  the  settler — the  whole  amount  of  trade  on  the  Lake  not 
exceeding  the  cargoes  of  five  or  six  schooners,  even  at  the  time  when  the  garrison 
received  its  supplies  from  the  Mackinac."  The  correctness  of  his  views  respecting 
the  inhabitants  has  been  questioned.  What  he  says  of  the  business  facilities  of  the 
place,  and  of  the  amount  of  business  transacted,  is  probably  correct. 

The  first  native  of  Chicago  was  born  at  "  Fort  Dearborn,"  in  the  early  part  of  1832. 
This  young  lady  is  still  one  of  our  citizens— Miss  Ellen  Hamilton,  daughter  of  Col.  K. 
J.  Hamilton. 

THE  MASSACRE  AT  CHICAGO.* —  In  the  evening  of  the  7th  of  April,  1812,  the  head 
of  the  settlement,  Mr.  Kinzie,  was  quietly  sitting  in  the  chimney  corner,  amusing  his 
children  by  a  tune  upon  his  violin,  and  they  were  enjoying  their  accustomed  dance 
before  the  bright  fire  light,  while  the  tea-table  awaited  the  return  of  Mrs.  Kinzie,  who 
had  gone  a  short  distance  up  the  river  some  time  before,  to  visit  a  sick  neighbor. 
Suddenly  Mrs.  Kinzie  rushed  through  the  door,  exclaiming,  "  The  Indians  are  up  at 
Lee's  Place,  killing  and  scalping."  As  before  stated,  the  Fort  was  situated  on  the 
southern  bank  of  the  river,  directly  opposite  Mr.  Kinzie's  mansion.  Only  a  man  and 
boy  had  escaped  from  Lee's  Place,  and  were  hurrying  down  to  notify  Bums'  family  of 
their  danger.  Near  the  house  were  moored  two  old  Pirogues,  into  which  the  family 
was  hurried,  and  paddled  across  to  take  refuge  in  the  Fort.  At  this  time  the  Fort 
was  officered  by  Captain  Heald,  the  commanding  officer;  Lieut.  Helm,  son-in-law  of 
Mr.  Kinzie ;  Ensign  Roman,  and  the  Surgeon,  Dr.  Van  Yoorhees.  The  Lieutenant 
and  Ensign  were  both  young  and  inexperienced.  The  command  at  this  time  num- 
bered  about  seventy-five  men,  who  had  little  knowledge  of  military  matters,  and  were 
quite  ineffective. 

The  recent  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  (which  had  transpired  only  the  preceding  Novem- 
ber,) had  not  been  erased  from  the  memory  of  the  settlers,  which  added  not  a  little  to 
their  caution  and  vigilance.  Hence  the  party  of  a  corporal  and  six  men,  who  had 
ascended  the  river  on  a  fishing  expedition,  when  they  heard  the  signal  gun  from  the 
Fort,  extinguished  their  torches,  and  dropped  down  the  river  as  quietly  as  possible, 
lying  flat  upon  the  bottom  of  the  boat,  a  distance  of  two  miles.  At  Lee's  Place,  how- 

*  Although  "  The  Massacre  at  Chicago  "  is  one  of  the  most  important  events  in  the  early  history  of  the 
place,  we  devote  less  space  to  its  narration,  from  the  fact  that  it  has  already  been  published  in  several 
works  in  detail — first  iu  pamphlet  form,  in  1836 ;  next  in  Brown's  History  of  Illinois ;  then  in  a  widely 
circulated  work,  call  >d  "  Western  Annals ; "  and  afterwards  made  the  basis  of  two  tales  by  Major  Rich- 
ardson, "  Hardscrabble,"  and  "  Wau-nan-gee ;"  and  the  same  account  occupies  forty-two  pages  of  Mrs. 
J.  H.  Kinzie's  "  Wau-Bun,"  published  in  1856,  which  also  had  a  very  large  sale. 


HISTORY    OF   CHICAGO.  13 

ever,  where  they  stopped  to  warm,  they  found  the  scalped  corpse  of  a  Frenchman,  in 
the  yard,  Avith  his  faithful  dog  beside  his  master's  lifeless  remains.  Then  they  knew 
there  was  trouble  ahead ! 

The  "Winnebagoes,  who  had  planned  to  proceed  down  the  river  from  Lee's  Place, 
and  kill  and  scalp  all  the  whites  outside  the  Fort,  had  become  frightened  at  the  signal 
cannon  tiring  at  the  Fort,  and  hastily  retreated  to  their  homes  on  Rock  River.  Strict 
orders  that  no  soldiers  should  leave  the  Fort  without  special  permission,  were  obeyed. 
Now  and  then  wandering  squads  of  Indians  would  be  seen  in  the  vicinity  after  night- 
fall, and  their  depredations  and  boldness  increased,  until  some  of  the  more  daring  at 
times  entered  the  houses,  and  even  the  Fort,  and  were  looked  upon  as  spies.  Thus  the 
little  handful  of  settlers  were  kept  in  a  state  of  terror,  and  hardly  dare  venture  out- 
side their  doors  after  dark.  Thus  matters  continued  until  the  Yth  of  August  following, 
when  "Winnemeg,  or  Catfish,  a  Pottawottomie  chief,  made  his  appearance  at  the  post, 
with  dispatches  from  Gen.  Hull,  which  announced  the  declaration  of  war  with  Great 
Britain,  and  that  he  (Gen.  Hull,)  at  the  head  of  the  Northwestern  Army,  had  arrived 
at  Detroit  —  also  that  the  Island  of  Mackinac  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  British. 
The  orders  from  Gen.  Hull  to  Captain  Heald  were,  "  to  evacuate  the  Fort,  if  practi- 
cable, and  in  the  event,  to  distribute  all  the  United  States'  property  contained  in  the 
Fort,  and  in  the  United  States'  factory  or  agency,  among  the  Indians  in  the  neighbor- 
hood." Captain  Heald  reluctantly  yielded  to  the  command,  nor  did  he  decide  to  do  so 
until  he  had  given  the  subject  five  days'  consideration  —  five  days  of  dreadful  sus- 
pense and  consternation  to  all  within,  as  well  as  outside  of  the  Fort.  He  argued  that 
"  a  special  order  had  been  issued  by  the  "War  Department,  that  no  post  should  be  sur- 
rendered without  battle  having  been  given,  and  that  his  force  was  totally  inadequate 
to  an  engagement  with  the  Indians." 

Finally,  on  the  afternoon  of  the  12th,  the  Indians  from  all  the  neighboring  villages 
were  assembled  in  council,  when  Capt.  Heald  and  Mr.  Kinzie  appeared,  to  convey 
to  them  the  information,  of  which  the  Indians  had  heard  vague  and  imperfect 
rumor,  sufficient  to  enkindle  a  feeling  of  impudence  and  animosity  that  seemed  ready 
to  burst  forth  at  any  moment.  The  other  officers,  having  less  confidence  in  the 
Indians,  remained  in  the  block-houses,  opened  the  port-holes,  and  directed  the  cannon 
so  that  they  commanded  the  whole  assembly,  which  act  alone  preserved  the  lives  of 
Capt.  Heald  and  Mr.  Kinzie,  as  the  sequel  will  show. 

Captain  Heald  informed  the  Indians,  that  "  it  was  his  intention  to  distribute  among 
them  the  next  day,  not  only  the  goods  lodged  in  the  United  States'  factory,  but  also 
the  ammunition  and  provisions,  with  which  the  garrison  was  well  supplied."  He 
requested  that  the  Pottawottomies  should  form  an  escort  for  the  whites  to  Fort 
Wayne,  promising  to  reward  them  liberally  upon  their  safe  arrival  there,  in  addition 
to  what  they  were  to  receive  of  the  United  States'  supplies.  The  Indians,  with  their 
usual  shrewdness  and  deceit,  assented  to  all  his  propositions,  and  promised  to  meet  all 
his  requirements.  Mr.  Kinzie  had  an  interview  with  Capt.  Heald,  in  which  he  related 


14  HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO. 

his  past  experience,  and  his  knowledge  of  the  treachery  of  the  Indians,  and  entreated 
him  not  to  furnish  the  Indians,  (who  must  now  be  looked  upon  as  enemies,)  with  arms 
or  ammunition.  Capt.  Heald  yielded  to  Mr.  Kinzie's  advice,  and  determined  to 
destroy  all  the  ammunition  except  what  was  necessary  for  his  own  troops. 

On  the  13th,  the  distribution  of  blankets,  calicoes,  paints  and  provision,  was  made, 
as  previously  stipulated.  In  the  evening  a  part  of  the  ammunition  and  liquor  were 
thrown  into  a  well,  the  remainder  being  secretly  transported  through  the  northern 
gate,  the  heads  knocked  in  and  the  contents  poured  into  the  river.  All  the  muskets 
not  necessary  for  the  command  on  their  march,  were  broken  and  thrown  into  the  well, 
together  with  all  weapons  of  defence,  and  all  gun  fixtures. 

The  Indians  had  heard  the  knocking  in  of  the  barrel-heads,  and  suspecting  what 
was  being  done,  had  stealthily  crept,  serpent  like,  as  near  the  scene  as  possible  —  near 
enough  to  satisfy  themselves  of  the  truth  of  their  suspicions.  Had  other  proofs  been 
wanting,  the  quantity  of  liquor  that  had  been  thrown  into  the  river  was  so  great,  that 
the  Indians  declared  they  could  taste  it  as  "  strong  grog." 

Having  heai'd,  at  Fort  "Wayne,  of  the  order  for  vacating  the  Fort  at  Chicago,  and 
knowing  the  hostile  determination  of  the  Pottowattomies,  Capt.  "Wells,  with  fifteen 
friendly  Miami  Indians,  made  a  rapid  march  to  Chicago,  to  prevent  what  he  feared 
would  result  in  a  total  destruction  of  his  relative  Capt.  Heald  and  his  troops.  He 
arrived  on  the  14th — after  the  ammunition  had  been  destroyed,  and  the  goods  and 
provisions  distributed  to  the  Indians.  There  was  no  time  for  a  change  in  the  plan, 
the  only  alternative  being  to  leave  the  post  next  day. 

In  the  afternoon,  a  second  council  was  held  with  the  Indians,  who  expressed  great 
indignation  at  the  destruction  of  the  arms,  ammunition  and  liquor — which  they  prized 
more  highly  than  all  the  other  presents.  Murmurs  and  threats  were  unreservedly 
made  by  the  savages,  and  it  was  evident  that  the  first  movement  of  troops  from  the 
Fort  would  expose  them  to  the  vengeance  of  the  savages. 

On  the  morning  of  the  15th,  at  nine  o'clock,  all  were  in  readiness  for  departure. 
The  ammunition  had  all  been  destroyed,  except  twenty-five  rounds,  and  one  box  of 
cartridges  —  which  it  was  then  decided  were  inadequate  for  the  impending  conflict, 
which  they  saw,  too  plainly,  was  before  them.  Mr.  Kinzie  and  his  oldest  son  had  de- 
cided to  accompany  the  troops,  though  warned  by  a  message  from  To-pee-nee-bee,  that 
the  Pottawottomies  who  had  engaged  to  escort  them,  were  determined  to  massacre 
them,  and  that  he  should  take  the  boat  in  which  he  had  placed  his  family,  and  thus 
ensure  his  safe  escape  to  St.  Joseph's. 

Mrs.  Kinzie,  her  four  younger  children,  nurse,  Kinzie's  clerk,  two  servants,  and  the 
boatmen,  with  two  Indians  as  protectors,  had  started  in  the  boat,  and  had  scarcely 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  river,  half  a  mile  from  the  Fort,  when  a  second  message 
from  the  chief  of  St.  Joseph's  band  warned  them  to  remain  where  they  were.  "With 
breathless  anxiety,  the  little  band  watched  the  movement  of  the  troops  with  their 
husbands  and  friends,  as  they  supposed,  to  certain  destruction.  Capt.  "Wells  with  his 


HISTORY    OF   CHICAGO.  15 

little  band  of  Miainis  took  the  lead.  They  marched  along  the  lake  shore.  When 
they  reached  the  point  where  a  range  of  sand  hills  intervened  between  the  prairie  and 
beach,  the  escort  of  Pottawomies,  numbering  some  500,  kept  the  level  of  the  prairie, 
thus  parting  from  the  Americans  and  Miamis.  When  they  had  marched  about  a  mile 
and  a  half,  Capt.  Wells,  (who  with  his  little  band  of  Miamis  had  kept  in  advance,) 
rode  hastily  back,  exclaiming,  "  They  are  about  to  attack  us  —  form  instantly  and 
charge  upon  them !" 

At  this  instant  a  volley  of  bullets  showered  among  the  sand  hills,  killing  a  veteran 
of  seventy  winters,  and  wounding  Dr.  Van  .Voorhees,  Ensgin  Roman,  and  several 
others.  The  firing  now  became  genei'al  on  both  sides.  The  Miamis  fled  at  the  outset 
—  their  chief  returning,  exclaimed  in  a  rage  to  the  Pottawotomies,  "You  have 
deceived  the  Americans  and  us,  the  Miamis ;  you  have  done  a  bad  action,  and  I  will  be 
the  first  to  join  a  party  of  Americans  to  return  and  punish  your  treachery !"  Our 
troops,  says  Mrs.  Helm,  who  was  an  eye  witness,  "behaved  most  gallantly.  They 
were  but  a  handful,  but  seemed  resolved  to  sell  their  lives  as  dearly  as  possible." 
After  the  first  attack  by  the  Indians,  the  Americans  charged  upon  those  who  had 
concealed  themselves  in  a  sort  of  ravine,  intervening  between  the  sand  banks  and  the 
prairie.  The  savages  gathered  themselves  into  a  body,  and  after  a  severe  contest  on 
both  sides,  in  which  the  number  of  whites  had  been  reduced  to  twenty-eight,  they 
succeeded  in  breaking  through  the  ranks  of  the  enemy,  and  gaining  the  rising  ground 
near  Oak  Woods.  There  being  such  a  difference  in  the  forces,  the  contest  seemed 
hopeless,  and  St.  Helm,  through  a  messenger,  proposed  terms  of  capitulation,  which 
were,  "  that  the  lives  of  all  survivors  should  be  spared,  and  a  ransom  permitted  as 
soon  as  practicable. 

"  In  the  meantime  a  horrible  scene  had  been  enacted.  A  young  savage  had  climbed 
into  the  baggage  wagon,  containing  the  children  of  the  white  families,  twelve  in 
number,  and  tomahawked  the  entire  group.  This  was  during  the  engagement  near 
the  sand-hills.  When  Capt.  Wells,  who  was  fighting  near,  beheld  it,  he  exclaimed, 
"  Is  that  their  game  —  butchering  the  women  and  children  ?  Then  I,  too,  will  kill !" 

He  rode  hastily  towards  the  Indian  camp,  near  the  Fort,  where  he  had  left  their 
squaws  and  children.  Seeing  several  Indians  in  his  pursuit,  he  laid  himself  flat  on  the 
neck  of  his  horse,  loading  and  firing  in  that  position,  as  he  would  occasionally  turn 
on  his  pursuers.  At  length  their  balls  took  effect,  severely  wounding  him,  and  killing 
his  horse.  At  this  instant  he  was  met  by  Win-ne-weg  and  Wau-bon-see,  who 
endeavored  to  save  him  from  his  savage  pursuers.  As  they  supported  him  along, 
after  having  disengaged  him  from  his  horse,  he  received  his  death  blow  from  Pee-so- 
tum,  who  stabbed  him  in  the  back  and  scalped  him. 

Those  of  Mr.  Kinzie's  family  who  had  remained  in  the  boat  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  were  carefully  guarded  by  Cee-po-tah  and  another  Indian,  and  after  the  battle 
were  permitted  to  return  to  the  mansion  of  Mr.  K.,  where  those  who  were  wounded 
in  battle  were  cared  for.  There  being  no  surgeon,  Mr.  Kinzie  extracted  the  bullets 


16  HISTORY    OF    CHICAGO. 

from  Mrs.  Heath  and  others  with  his  pen-knife.  Here  the  family  remained,  closely 
guarded  by  their  faithful  Indian  friends,  who  intended  to  accompany  them  to  Detroit 
for  security  —  the  rest  of  the  prisoners  remaining  at  the  wigwams  of  their  captors. 

The  following  morning  the  work  of  plunder  being  completed,  the  Indians  set  lire 
to  the  Fort. 

On  the  third  day  after  the  battle,  the  family  of  Mr.  Kinzie,  with  the  clerks  of  the 
establishment,  were  put  into  a  boat,  under  the  care  of  Francois,  a  half-breed  inter- 
preter, and  conveyed  to  St.  Joseph,  where  they  remained  until  the  following  Novem- 
ber, when  they  were  conducted  to  Detroit  under  an  escort  of  Chaudonnai,  and  their 
trusty  Indian  friend  Ke-po-tah,  and  delivered  up  as  .prisoneers  of  war,  to  Col.  McKee, 
the  British  Indian  agent,  and  in  the  month  of  January  following,  he  was  received  and 
paroled  by  Gen.  Proctor. 

Capt.  Heald  and  wife  was  sent  across  the  lake  to  St.  Joseph  the  day  after  the  battle. 
He  had  received  two  severe  wounds  and  she  seven,  in  the  engagement. 

Lieut.  Helm,  who  was  also  wounded,  was  carried  by.  some  friendly  Indians  to  their 
village  on  the  Au  Sable,  and  thence  to  Peoria,  where  he  was  liberated  by  the  interven- 
tion of  Mr.  Thos.  Forsyth,  the  half-brother  of  Mr.  Kinzie.  Mrs.  Helm  accompanied 
her  friends  to  St.  Joseph.  Both  Lieut.  H.  and  wife  were  subsequently  liberated, 
and  returned  to  their  friends  in  Steuben  county,  New  York. 

THE  FIRST  LAND  TRADE. — From  1681  to  1795,  during  the  time  of  the  French  pos- 
session, and  after  its  cession  to  England,  very  little  is  known  of  CHICAGO  or  the 
surrounding  country.  After  the  declaration  of  peace,  between  the  Colonists  and  the 
English,  the  latter,  by  intrigue,  stirred  up  the  border  Indian  warfare,  which  became 
general  in  the  Western  States,  and  continued  till  1795,  at  which  period,  having  been 
effectually  chastised  by  Gen.  Wayne,  the  chiefs  of  the  several  tribes  of  Indians,  by 
his  invitation,  assembled  at  Greenville,  Ohio,  and  there  effected  a  treaty  of  peace, 
which  closed  the  War  of  the  West.  Among  the  numerous  small  tracts  of  land  where 
forts  and  trading  posts  had  been  established,  then  ceded  by  the  Indians  to  the  United 
States,  was  one  described  as  follows :  "  One  piece  of  land,  six  miles  square,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chikajo  River,  emptying  into  the  south-west  end  of  Lake  Michigan, 
where  a  fort  formerly  stood." 

Here  we  have  an  account  of  the  first  laiid  trade  of  Chicago — the  first  transaction  in 
that  line  of  business  which  has  at  times  distinguished  Chicago  above  every  other  city 
of  the  Nation — the  first  link  in  the  chain  of  title  to  thousands  upon  thousands  of  trans- 
fers that  have  been  made  of  the  soil  thus  parted  with  by  the  Indians. 

ILLINOIS  AND  MICHIGAN  CANAL. — Gov.  Bond,  the  first  Governor  of  this  State,  in  his 
inaugural,  in  1818,  called  the  attention  of  the  General  Assembly  to  the  importance  of 
opening  a  canal  to  connect  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois  River.  In  his  valedictory, 
in  1822,  he  again  urged  its  importance.  The  session  of  Congress,  1821-2,  passed  an 
act,  granting  "permission  to  the  State  of  Illinois  to  cut  a  canal  through  the  Public 


HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO  17 

Lands  connecting  the  Illinois  River  with  Lake  Michigan,  and  granting  to  it  the  breadth 
of  the  canal,  and  ninety  feet  on  each  side  of  it,"  coupled  with  the  condition,  "  that 
the  State  should  permit  all  articles  belonging  to  the  United  States,  or  to  any  person  in 
their  employ,  to  pass  toll  free,  forever." 

With  a  hard  and  protracted  struggle  by  numerous  individuals,  and  especially  by 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  Esq.,  who  was  at  that  time  Eepresentative  in  Congress,  and  from 
whom  Cook  county  was  named,)  an  act  was  passed  by  Congress,  March  2,  1827, 
granting  to  the  State,  for  the  construction  of  this  work,  "  each  alternate  section  of 
land,  h've  miles  in  width,  on  each  side  of  the  proposed  canal."  We  make  mention  of 
these  facts,  because  it  was  from  this  act  of  Congress  that  the  State  acquired  the  title 
to  those  lands  which  have  formed  the  basis  for  many  of  the  most  important  financial 
transactions  of  the  State ;  from  which  originated  the  titles  to  the  valuable  Canal 
Lands,  upon  which  a  large  portion  of  the  city  is  built — oil  which,  too,  villages,  towns 
and  cities  have  sprung  up,  all  along  its  line. 

In  the  autumn  of  1829,  Commissioners  authorized  the  laying  out  of  the  "  Town  of 
Chicago,"  on  the  alternate  section  which  belonged  to  the  Canal  Lands — lying  upon 
the  main  channel  of  the  river,  and  over  the  junction  of  the  two  branches.  The  first 
map  of  the  original  town  of  Chicago,  by  James  Thompson,  surveyor,  bears  date, 
'August  4, 1830.  This  was  the  first  beginning  of  Chicago,  as  a  legally  recognized  place 
among  the  towns  and  cities  of  the  world — the  first  official  act  of  organization,  which 
must  accordingly  be  dated  as  its  birth,  or  real  starting  point.  Hence  this  city,  with 
its  population  of  120,000 — the  leading  mart  in  the  world  for  grain,  pork,  and  lumber, 
will  have  arrived,  on  the  4th  day  of  Aiigust,  1862,  at  the  precocious  maturity  of 
thirty -two  years ! 

CHICAGO  REAL  ESTATE,  PAST  AND  PRESENT. — At  one  time  in  her  history,  Chicago 
had  the  reputation  of  "leading  the  world,"  in  the  way  of  town-lot  speculation.  One 
incident  will  illustrate  to  what  extent  she  was  entitled  to  this  reputation :  An  ignorant 
adventurer  had  bid  off  a  centrally-located  lot,  at  the  Canal  Land  sales,  for  $200,  which 
he  shortly  afterwards  had  numerous  applications  for.  One  day  he  called  at  the  hotel 
room  of  Mr.  G.,  from  Kentucky,  (who  was  a  large  speculator  in  Canal  Lands,) 
and  remarked  to  him  that  he  had  bought  a  lot  for  $200,  and  now  there  were  a  dozen 
speculators  chasing  him  all  over  town  to  buy  it,  and  that  he  hardly  dare  fix  a  price, 
lest  he  should  sell  it  too  low — for  less  than  he  could  get  a  short  time  hence.  Mr.  G. 
advised  him  to  ask  more  for  it  than  he  would  ever  expect  to  get,  and  then  come  down 
in  his  price,  to  suit  the  purchaser — say  $10,000.  Soon  one  of  the  aforesaid  specula- 
tors knocked  at  the  door,  and  asked  the  owner  of  the  lot  if  he  had  fixed  upon  a  price. 
The  owner,  who  had  very  little  idea  of  business,  and  still  less  of  mathematics  or 
money,  and  had  forgotten  the  amount,  with  great  drops  of  perspiration  upon  his  face, 
from  excitement,  stammered,  "  Te — te — eighteen  thousand  dollars !  "  The  applicant 
asked  if  that  was  his  lowest  figure.  Upon  being  told,  hesitatingly,  that  it  was,  he 

3 


18  HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO. 

replied,  "  Well,  I'll  take  it — make  out  the  papers."    This  is  but  one  out  of  a  thousand 
similar  speculations. 

Numerous  interesting  details  or  contrasts  of  real  estate  transactions  might  be  shown, 
but  we  insert  only  the  following,  which  are  but  a  fair  sample  of  the  increase  in  the 
value  of  real  estate,  all  over  the  city : 

"  Received,  Chicago,  August  15, 1831,  from  P.  F.  W.  Peck,  Eighty  Dollars,  in  full  for  Lot  No.  4,  block  18, 
in  the  plan  of  the  '  Town  of  Chicago,'  and  in  full  of  all  claims  to  this  date. 

(Signed)  M.  F.  WALKER." 

This  lot  is  situated  at  the  south-east  corner  of  South  Water  and  La  Salle  streets, 
fronting  eighty  feet  on  the  former,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  on  La  Salle  street — was 
valued  in  1854  at  $42,500,  and  could  not  be  bought  to-day,  probably,  for  $60,000 ! 

A  lot,  eighty  feet  front,  now  occupied  in  part  by  the  store  of  J.  H.  Reed  &  Co., 
144  Lake  street,  was  purchased  by  Jeremiah  Price,  Esq.,  in  1833,  for  precisely  the 
same  amount  that  was  paid  in  New  York,  in  1844,  for  one  pane  of  glass,  now  in 
Eeed's  show-window — namely,  $100.  That  eighty  feet  of  ground  cannot  now  be  had 
%r  $75,000. 

Wolcott's  Addition,  which  was  bought  in  1830  for  $130,  is  now  worth  fully  a 
million  and  a  half  of  dollars ! 

Walter  L.  Newberry's  Addition  to  Chicago,  embracing  forty  acres,  was  purchased 
in  1833  for  $1,062,  and  is  now  worth  fully  three  quarters  of  a  million  of  dollars. 

From  the  projection  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  Chicago  received  her  first 
impulse,  and  it  is  to  that,  more  particularly  than  to  any  other  project  or  improvement, 
she  owes  her  present  magnitude.  It  was  this  that  kept  her  alive  when  she  was,  as  it 
were,  in  her  infancy,  and  she  grew  with  its  growth ;  and  this  it  was  that  first  secured 
to  her  the  early  reputation  she  possessed  as  a  commercial  port.  Her  rapid  growth  has 
created  an  annually  increasing  demand  for  additional  outlets  and  avenues  for  trade 
and  commerce,  until  a  vast  network  of  railroads  have,  one  after  another,  been  con- 
structed, the  early  days  of  many  of  which  have  interesting  histories  of  trials  and 
troubles,  and  of  final  triumphs. 

Since  the  "  march  of  civilization  "  is  fast  obliterating  all  traces  of  the  ancient  land- 
marks of  the  pioneers,  we  will  locate  a  few  of  them,  that  they  may  not  be  entirely 
forgotten. 

In  1831  the  river  had  a  meandering  course,  sweeping  around  the  promontory  upon 
which  the  Fort  was  built,  and  entered  the  lake  about  one-half  mile  south  of  its  present 
mouth,  so  that  "  these  buildings,  in  fact,  stood  upon  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  the 
left  being  formed  by  a  long  spit  of  land,  extending  from  the  north  shore,  of  which  it 
tunned  a  part."  Directly  facing  the  Fort,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  was  the 
family  mansion  of  J.  H.  Kinzie,  Esq., —  a  long  low  building,  with  a  piazza  along  its 
front,  having  a  range  of  four  or  five  rooms.  The  Agency  House,  then  known  as 


HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO.  19 

"  Cobweb  Castle,"  stood  aLsrhat  is  now  the  south-west  corner  of  "Wolcott  and  North 

$pf 

Water  Streets.  This  hewed  log  house,  with  its  several  additions,  was  the  early 
stopping  place  of  many  of  the  new-comers  of  those  days. 

The  junction  of  the  two  rivers  was  called  "  "Wolf  Point."  Mark  Beaubien,  sen., 
had  just  completed  a  white  two-story  building,  with  light  blue  wooden  shutters  — 
which  from  its  superior  size  and  appearance,  was  the  admiration  of  all  beholders.  A 
canoe  ferry  was  kept  here  to  accommodate  those  wishing  to  cross  the  south  branch. 
Between  the  Fort  and  the  Point  the  land  was  low,  wet  prairie,  "  scarcely  affording 
good  walking  in  the  dryest  summer  weather,  while  at  other  seasons  it  was  absolutely 
impassable."  The  author  of  "Wau-bun  says  "  a  muddy  streamlet,  or  as  it  is  called  in 
the  west  a  slew,  or  slough,  after  winding  around  from  about  the  present  site  of  the 
Tremont  House,  entered  the  river  at  the  foot  of  what  is  now  State  street."  A 
stranger  who  visited  Chicago  at  that  day,  (1831)  said,  "  I  passed  over  the  ground  from 
the  Fort  to  the  Point,  on  horseback,  and  was  up  to  my  stirrups  in  water  the  whole 
distance ;  I  would  not  have  given  six  pence  an  acre  for  the  whole  of  it."  Owing  to 
the  wet  and  marshy  condition  of  the  intervening  ground,  the  roads  were  generally  not 
used,  and  the  usual  mode  of  communication  between  the  Point  and  the  Fort,  was  by 
canoes  and  small  flats  paddled  up  and  down  the  river,  and  this  was  the  usual  route  of 
communication  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Fort  to  the  Agency  House. 

The  family  of  Clybourne  are  elsewhere  mentioned  as  among  the  early  settlers. 
They  had  previous  to  this  time  established  themselves  upon  the  north  branch,  which 
place  they  called  "  New  Virginia."  Hardscrabble,  or  Lee's  place,  was  four  miles  up 
the  south  branch,  now  just  outside  the  city  limits.  At  this  time  a  family  named 
Heacock  lived  here,  and  some  of  the  members  of  that  family  are  among  the  earliest 
native  born  citizens  of  Chicago. 

THE  SHIP  CANAL. — Notwithstanding  five  thousand  miles  of  railway  have  been  con- 
structed and  put  in  operation,  that  are  now  tributary  to  Chicago,  the  old  canal  (which 
at  one  time  in  the  course  of  its  construction  came  near  being  abandoned  for  a  single 
line  of  railway,)  is  not  only  one  of  the  most  important  feeders  to  Chicago,  but  it 
is  now  deemed  necessary  to  enlarge  its  dimensions,  to  that  of  a  Ship  Canal.  It 
was  recommended  by  the  President  in  his  message  to  the  37th  Congress,  favorably 
reported  upon  by  the  Military  Committee,  and  "the  Select  Committee  on  defense  of 
great  lakes  and  rivers."  In  the  able  report  of  the  latter,  we  find  this  sentence  :  "  The 
realization  of  a  Ship  Canal  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Mississippi,  for  military  and 
commercial  purposes,  is  the  great  work  of  the  age.  In  effect,  commercially,  it  turns 
the  Mississippi  into  Lake  Michigan,  and  makes  an  outlet  to  the  great  lakes  at  New 
Orleans,  and  for  the  Mississippi  at  New  York.  It  brings  together  the  two  great  sys- 
tems of  water  communication  of  our  country :  the  great  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  the  canals  connecting  the  lakes  with  the  ocean,  on  the  east;  and  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri,  with  all  their  tributaries,  on  the  west  and  south,  etc."  That  this  great 


20 


HISTORY    OF   CHICAGO. 


national  work  will  be  accomplished  at  an  early  day,  thei'e  is  scarcely  a  shadow  of 
doubt ;  and  it  is  probable  the  present  Congress  will  deem  it  of  sufficient  importance 
to  make  an  appropriation  for  carrying  it  forward  to  an  early  completion. 

HARBOK  IMPROVEMENT. — In  1830,  the  Black  Hawk  War  broke  out,  with  the  history 
of  which  the  general  reader  is  familiar.  Gen.  Winiield  Scott,  and  others,  who  were 
called  "West  to  quell  the  disturbances,  passed  through  Chicago,  and  upon  their  return 
to  the  East,  gave  their  friends  a  very  flattering  and  glowing  description  of  Chicago, 
and  the  resources  of  the  West.  From  that  date,  this  section  of  country  was  brought 
into  more  general  notice;  and  through  .the  representations  of  Gen.  Winfield  Scott, 
Congress  made  an  appropriation  for  the  improvement  of  the  Harbor  of  Chicago,  upon 
which  operations  were  shortly  afterwards  commenced. 

GROWTH  OF  CHICAGO. — In  1832,  this  city  was  inhabited. by  but  a  few  families — the 
total  population  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  souls.  The  principal 
citizens  at  that  date,  were:  Archibald  Clybourn,  George  W.  Dole,  Anson  Taylor, 
Charles  Taylor,  J.  S.  C.  Hogan,  Eobert  A.  Kinzie,  Dexter  Graves,  P.  F.  W.  Peck, 
John  Wright,  John  S.  Wright,  Eufus  Brown,  George  W.  Snow,  Hiram  Pearsons,  E.  J. 
Hamilton;  Eobinson,  the  Indian  Chief;  J.  N.  Bailey;  Father  Walker,  a  Methodist 
Minister ;  J.  Lefranbois,  J.  B.  Beaubien,  Mark  Beaubien,  Mr.  Eeed,  Philo  Carpenter, 
H.  Compean,  Gholson  Kercheval,  E.  E.  Heacock,  E.  A.  Eider,  and  a  few  others. 
Clinging  to  a  lone  and  solitary  military  post  for  protection,  and  depending  upon  some 
chance  vessel  from  Mackinac  for  subsistence,  the  mass  of  our  present  citizens  can  form 
but  a  very  imperfect  idea  of  the  trials  and  privations  endured  by  these  "early  pioneers 
of  Chicago." 

The  "City  of  Chicago"  was  incorporated  March  4,  1837.  The  following  are  the 
names  of  the  Mayors,  and  the  number  of  population,  of  the  city,  at  different  dates : 


Mayors. 

Win.  B.  Ogden. 
Buckner  8.  Morris. 
Benjamin  W.  Raymond. 
Alexander  Lloyd. 
Francis  C.  Sherman. 
Benjamin  W.  Raymond. 
Augustus  Garret. 
Alson  S.  Sherman, 
Augustus  Garret. 
John  P.  Chapin. 
James  Curtiss. 
James  H.  WoodVortfc. 
Mine, 


Years. 

Population. 

1833, 

100 

1837, 

1838, 

1839, 

1840, 

4,479 

1841, 

1843, 

1843, 

7,589' 

1844, 

8,000 

1845, 

12,088 

1846, 

14,169 

1847, 

16,849 

1848, 

20,035 

1849, 

23,048 

Tears. 

Population. 

Mayors. 

1850, 

29,963 

James  Curtis. 

1851, 

Walter  L.  Gurnee. 

1852, 

38,733 

same. 

1853, 

60,653 

Charles  M.  Gray. 

1854, 

65,872 

Isaac  L.  Milliken. 

1855, 

80,023 

Levi  D.  Boone. 

1856, 

Thomas  Dyer. 

1857, 

John  WentwoTtb. 

1858, 

John  C.  Haiues. 

1850, 

same. 

1860, 

John  Wentworth. 

1861, 

Julian  Rumsey. 

1862, 

M 
tf 

a 

2 
jq 

"h" 
fc 


M 

K 

i 


o 

i 

H 
Q 


22  HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO. 

GROWTH    OF    CHICAGO    COMPARED   WITH    OTHER    CITIES. 

New    York    was   198  years  in  attaining  the  same  population  as  Chicago  in  32  years. 
Boston  "     118     "  "  "  "  82      " 

Philadelphia     "     137     "  "  "  "  82      " 

Baltimore         "       50     "  "  "  "  16      " 

Cincinnati        "       50     "  "  "  "  18      " 

New  Orleans    "       65     "  "  .      "  "  22      " 

St.  Louis          "       86     "  "  "  "  26      " 

According  to  the  census  returns,  there  were  in  1840,  ninety  cities  and  towns  having 
a  population  larger  than  Chicago,  viz :  4,853.  In  1850  there  were  eighteen  larger, 
and  by  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  but  eight  having  over  109,263  inhabitants ; 
which  is  the  population  of  Chicago  as  shown  by  the  last  census.  As  a  result  of  the 
"War  of  the  Kebellion,  however,  three  of  these  —  New  Orleans,  Cincinnati  and  St. 
Louis  have  fallen  off,  and  Chicago  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  she  probably  to-day 
ranks  as  the  sixth  city  in  the  Union,  and  we  predict  that  in  1870  she  will  rank  as 
second  only  to  New  York. 

During  the  brief  period  that  has  elapsed,  all  traces  of  the  former  "  Checaqiie  "  have 
been  obliterated — the  rude  wigwams  and  log  huts  have  given  place  to  immense  ware- 
houses and  Railroad  depots ;  the  Indian  canoes  have  been  superceded  by  vessels 
having  a  total  burthen  of  400,000  tons,  which  here  find  an  important  port  of  entry  — 
vessels  which  navigate  all  waters;  and  instead  of  a  mere  village,  peopled  by  a  few 
pioneers,  who  consider  themselves  secluded  from  all  the  rest  of  the  world,  we  find 
to-day  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  United  States, —  a  centre  for  one  of  the  most 
extensive  systems  of  Railways  on  this  continent — with  a  population  of  120,000  people, 
transacting  a  commercial  business  which  in  several  articles  exceed  that  of  any  other 
port  or  city  on  the  Globe.  To  those  who  have  been  familiar  with  Chicago  from  its 
beginning,  the  contrast  between  what  was  and  wkat  *s,  must  be  indescribably  great ! 

THE  COMMERCE  OF  CHICAGO,  PAST  AND  PRESENT. —  The  commerce  of  the  West  is 
fast  becoming  the  controlling  power  of  the  nation.  As  the  geographical  and  the  com- 
mercial centre  of  the  Mississippi  valley  —  the  most  important  and  productive  portion 
of  the  North  American  continent,  it  is  but  very  recently  that  Chicago  began  to  attract 
the  attention  of  her  sister  cities  in  the  Union.  Within  the  past  ten  years  this  city  has 
taken  her  rank  as  the  greatest  primary  grain  mart,  not  only  in  the  United  States,  but 
in  the  world  ;  and  during  the  present  year,  1862,  in  her  exports  and  trade  in  Lumber 
and  Pork  she  has  outstripped  every  other  city  on  the  face  of  the  Globe.  Thus,  step 
by  step  she  is  wheeling  into  the  ranks,  as  a  first-class  commercial  city ;  a  position 
which  she  must  necessarily  maintain. 

The  growth  of  our  commerce  will  be  as  well  shown  by  the  exports  and  imports  as 
otherwise : — 

Imports.  Exports. 

1836 $325,203  90  $1,000  64 

1841 164,34788          348,86224 

1846 2,027,150  00   1,813,468  00 


1851. 
1856. 
1861. 


Imports.  Exports. 


HISTOKY   OF   CHICAGO. 


23 


TONNAGE  OF  CHICAGO. —  According  to  the  last  published  volume  of  "  Commerce 
and  Navigation,"  of  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  Shipping  Districts  of  the  United 
States,  there  are  but  ten  that  have  a  larger  tonnage  than  Chicago.  The  following  is 
the  tonnage  of  some  of  the  Southern  and  Western  cities : 


Chicago, 
Detroit,  " 

v  Charleston,  S.  C.,  " 
St.  Louis,  " 

Savannah,  " 


Total  Tonnage, 


68,133.89 
66,670.45 
61,583.37 
90,756.86 
37,843.55 


Louisville, 
Cincinnati, 
Milwaukee, 
Memphis, 


Total  Tonnage, 


29,626.73 

29,514.83 

24,864.30 

7,925.89 


Total  Tonnage  of  136  Districts,  5,145,037.39. 


Chicago  and  Milwaukee  compare  as  follows : 

Imported  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 1859. 


Chicago, 


Free  of  Duty.    Paying  Duty.        Total  Value. 

$84,096.  $9,492.          $93,588. 


Free  of  Duty.    Paying  Duty.        Total  Value. 
Milwaukee,       $7,658.          $21,288.          $28,946. 


CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  TRADE. —  The  first  meeting  of  merchants  and  business  men, 
was  held  March  13th,  1848,  when  a  constitution  was  adopted.  An  act  of  incorpora- 
tion was  passed  April  15th,  1849,  and  adopted,  and  the  Board  organized  May  2nd, 
1850.  In  1858  the  Board  consisted  of  377  paying  members;  which  had  increased  to 
850  in  1861.  Few,  if  any,  similar  institutions,  number  more  members,  or  transact 
more  business  on  'change.  From  the  valuable  and  comprehensive  annual  statements, 
prepared  by  Seth  Catlin,  Esq.,  the  accomplished  Secretary  of  the  Board,  we  compile 
the  following : 

GENERAL    SUMMARY    OF   THE    BUSINESS    OF    CHICAGO. 

In  some  of  the  leading  articles,  for  the  years  1854,  1858,  and  1861. 

Barrels  Flour  shipped 111,627  490,402  1,603,720 

Bushels  Wheat  shipped 2,306,925  8,850,257  15,835,743 

"        Corn          "        6,626,050  7,726,264  24,372,725 

"        Oats          "        3,339,987  1,519,060  1,633,237 

"        Barley       "        147,811  133,020  226,534 

"        Rye           "       7,569  393,813 

Pork  received,  (number  of  Hogs) 74,379  540,486  675,902 

Number  of  Hogs  cut  by  city  Packers 53,849  99,362  271,805 

Number  of  Cattle  killed  and  shipped 140,535  204,579 

Number  of  Cattle  packed 23,691  45,504  53,745 

Lead  shipped,  (Ibs.) 4,247,128  3,442,870  16,854,706 

Tonnage  of  vessels  on  the  Lake  (American) 984,114  404,301  399,611 

Capacity  of  Grain  Elevators,  (ship  bush,  per  day)  .  1,340,000  2,095,000 

Imports  by  Lake,  Canal,  and  Railroad $91,636,090. 50 

Exports       "  "  "  83,359,921.20 

Capital  employed  in  Manufacturing $4,220,000  $6,537,000 

Number  of  Hands  employed 5,000  10,613 

Value  of  Manufactured  Articles $7,870,000  $16,948,381 

Miles  of  Railroad  completed  in  Illinois (ia50)  105  2,870 


24  HISTORY    OF   CHICAGO. 

CHICAGO  THE  GREATEST  PRIMARY  GRAIN  MART  IN  THE  WORLD. — In  the  "  Annual 
Review  of  the  Commerce  of  Chicago,"  for  1854,  this  announcement  was  made,  and  in 
1856,  the  shipments  of  flour  and  grain,  (reducing  flour  into  wheat,)  was  shown  to  he 
21,583,221  bushels.  As  this  statement  has  been  called  "  braggadocia "  by  some 
would-be  rivals  of  Chicago,  we  reproduce  a  table  from  the  Review,  for  1856,  showing 

the  exports  of  the  principal  grain  ports  of  the  world,  as  compard  with  Chicago. 

j 

Wheat,  Indian  Corn,  Oats,  Rye  &  Total, 

bushels.  bushels.  Barley,  bu.  bushels. 

Odessa 5,600,000  1,440,000  7,040,000 

Galatz  and  Ibrelia 2,400,000  5,600,000  320.000  8,320,000 

Dantzic 3,080,000  1,328,000  4,408,000 

St.  Petersburg all  kinds,  7,200,000 

Archangel "  9,528,000 

Riga "  4,000,000 

CHICAGO,  (1854)  2,644,060  6,837,899  3,419,551  12,902,310 

CHICAGO,  (1856)  6,115,250  7,517,625  2,000,938  16,633,813 

CHICAGO,  (1856) 8,337,420  11,129,668  1,032,188  21,583,241 

CHICAGO,  (1861)  15,835,953  24,372,725  2,253,384  52,462,062 

INCREASE  OF  THE  CHICAGO  POST-OFFICE  BUSINESS. — In  1828,  according  to  the  narra- 
tive of  events  in  "  Wau-bun,"  the  arrivals  of  either  printed  or  written  matter,  were 
very  meagre  — few  and  far  between.  '  We  quote  from  that  work :  ';  The  mails  arrived 
at  very  rare  intervals.  They  were  brought  occasionally  from  Fort  Clark,  (Peoria) 
but  more  frequently  from  Fort  Wayne,  or  across  the  peninsala  of  Michigan,  which 
was  still  a  wilderness,  peopled  with  savages.  The  hardy  adventurer  who  acted  as 
express,  (carrying  the  mail  upon  his  back,)  was,  not  unfrequently,  obliged  to  imitate 
the  birds  of  heaven  and  'lodge  among  the  branches,'  in  order  to  ensure  the  safety  of 
himself  and  his  charge."  During  the  long  and  intensely  severe  winter  of  1831-2  the 
principal  population  of  Chicago  occupied  quarters  in  the  garrison,  and  were  supplied 
with  the  necessaries  of  life  by  Geo.  W.  Dole,  Esq.,  then  the  only  merchant  here, 
except  Mr.  R.  A.  Kinzie,  who  was  trading  at  Wolf's  Point  (the  junction  of  the  North 
and  South  branch  of  the  river.)  Then  there  were  no  mail  routes,  post  roads  nor  post- 
office  in  Chicago,  and  the  only  way  in  which  the  inhabitants  got  any  knowledge  of 
what  was  transpiring  elsewhere,  was  by  dispatching  a  half-breed  Indian,  once  a  fort- 
night to  Kiles,  Michigan,  or  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  to  procure  all  the  papers  he  could, 
old  and  new.  The  trip  was  made  on  foot,  and  usually  occupied  a  week.  The  papers 
were  "  handed  round  "  and  read  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  published,  so  as  to 
keep  a  correct  chronological  idea  of  the  events  transpiring. 

In  1832  a  weekly  mail  was  received  here  from  the  east,  on  horseback,  J.  N.  Bailey 
being  Post-Master.  Later  in  1832  a  one-horse  wagon  was  employed  to  bring  the 
mail.  In  1833  a  two-horse  wagon  was  required,  and  in  1834  a  four-horse  stage  line 
was  established  semi-weekly  —  increased  to  a  tri -weekly  line  in  1835.  In  1837  a 


o 


t> 
5 


H 

o 

s 

o 

H 

00 

O 


26  HISTORY    OF    CHICAGO. 

daily  eastern  mail  was  first  enjoyed — Sidney  Abel  being  Post-Master.  There  were 
in  1844,  forty-eight  mails  weekly,  and  the  receipts  of  the  office  amounted  to  $10,000. 

To-day,  the  Chicago  distributing  Post-Office,  in  the  amount  of  mail  matter  it 
dispatches  daily,  is  second  only  to  the  New  York  office.  The  93  clerks  and  assistants 
in  the  different  departments,  receive  and  dispatch  about  one  thousand  bags  of  mail 
matter  daily,  averaging  seventy-five  thousand  letters  per  day.  The  newspaper  matter 
is  counted  by  wagon-loads  and  tons.  One  single  mail,  in  March,  contained  seventy 
packages  of  letters  in  one  bill,  from  Cairo,  Illinois, —  averaging  one  hundred  to  a 
package,  making  seven  thousand  letters  to  a  single  mail  —  these,  however,  were 
principally  from  soldiers  who  were  at  points  south  of  Cairo.  Packages  from  St.  Louis 
and  New  York  frequently  contain  from  four  thousand  to  six  thousand  letters  in  a 
single  mail.  The  quarter  that  closed  March  31st,  shows  the  annual  receipts  to  be  at 
the  rate  of  about  $150,000. 

Mark  the  contrast !  Just  thirty  years  ago  the  questionable  enterprise  of  establishing 
a  weekly  horseback  mail  was  embarked  in  - —  now  this  is,  in  many  respects,  the  most 
important  Post-Office  in  the  United  States,  except  New  York  ! 

BUILDINGS  IN  CHICAGO,  IN  1842. —  The  number  and  character  of  buildings  in 
Chicago,  in  1842,  is  as  follows  : 


South  Side, 

North  Side. 

West  Side. 

Total. 

37 

0 

0 

37 

206 

10 

3 

219 

0 

0 

0 

0 

28 

10 

3 

41 

444 

278 

120 

842 

1 

0 

0 

1 

Brick  Stores 

Frame     "     

Stone       "     

Brick  Dwellings    ... 

Frame        "          

Stone         " 

716  298  120  1,140 

Number  of  other  buildings,  of  all  kinds,  224.    Total,  1364. 

In  the  year  1856  there  were  built  here  seven  Churches,  five  Hotels,  the  City 
Armory,  Hospital  and  High  School  edifice ;  145  stores,  many  of  them  from  two  to 
five  stories,  marble  and  brick,  and  several  hundred  residences  —  the  number  erected 
on  the  West  side  alone,  estimated  at  two  thousand.  The  cost  of  buildings  erected  in 
1856,  was  — Business  blocks,  $1,781,900;  Residences,  $1,164,190;  Hotels,  $315,000; 
Churches,  Seminaries,  Academies,  etc.,  $311,000 ;  other  buildings,  not  included  above, 
$1500  to  $1000  each,  $1,500,000;  city  improvements,  $427,434,  making  a  total  cost  of 
improvements  in  1856,  $5,708,624.  Showing  that  there  was  a  greater  number  of 
buildings  erected,  at  a  greater  aggregate  cost  in  one  year,  1856,)  than  there  were  in  the 
city,  all  told,  in  1842. 

THE  BRIGHT  FUTURE  OF  CHICAGO. —  Judging  of  the  future  by  the  past,  it  seems 
difficult  to  assign  any  limit  to  the  advancement  of  Chicago.  Her  history  presents 


HISTORY   OF   CHICAGO.  27 

one  of  the  most  remarkable  instances  of  sudden  rise  to  commercial  importance  to  be 
found  in  our  age.  So  rapid,  indeed,  has  been  her  growth  —  with  such  gigantic  strides 
has  she  moved  onward  in  her  career,  that  little  space  is  left  to  mark  and  calculate  the 
successive  stages  of  her  onward  progress. 

A  few  months  since,  a  very  able  article  appeared  in  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine, 
(conceded  to  be  one  of  the  most  reliable  statistical  journals  of  the  country,)  from 
which  we  extract  the  following  sentences,  as  applicable  to  this  subject : 

"WESTWARD  MOVEMENT  OP  THE  CENTRE  OF  POPULATION,  COMMERCE,  AND  OF  INDUS- 
TRIAL POWER  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. — In  the  rapidly  developing  greatness  of  North 
America,  it  is  interesting  to  look  to  the  future,  and  speculate  on  the  most  probable 
points  of  centralization  of  its  commerce  and  social  power.  Including  with  our  nation, 
as  forming  an  important  part  of  its  commercial  community,  the  Canadas  and  contigu- 
ous provinces,  the  centre  of  population,  white  and  black,  is  a  little  west  of  Pittsburgh. 
The  movement  of  this  center  is  north  of  west,  about  in  the  direction  of  CHICAGO.  The 
centre  of  productive  power  cannot  be  ascertained  with  any  degree  of  precision.  We 
know  it  must  be  a  considerable  distance  east  and  north  of  the  centre  of  population. 
That  centre,  too,  is  on  its  grand  march  westward.  Both,  in  their  regular  progress,  will 
reach  Lake  Michigan.  Is  it  not,  then,  as  certain  as  anything  in  the  future  can  be,  that 
the  central  power  of  the  continent  will  move  to,  and  become  permanent  on,  the  border 
of  the  great  lakes  ?  Around  these  pure  waters  will  gather  the  densest  population, 
and  on  their  borders  will  grow  up  the  best  towns  and  cities.  * 

At  the  present  rate  of  increase,  the  United  States  and  Canadas,  fifty  years  from  this 
time,  will  contain  over  one  hundred  and  twenty  millions  of  people.  If  we  suppose 
one  hundred  and  five  millions,  and  that  these  shall  be  distributed  so  that  the  Pacific 
States  shall  have  ten  millions,  and  the  Atlantic  border  five  millions,  there  will  be  left 
for  the  great  interiortplain,  seventy  millions.  These  seventy  millions  will  have  twenty 
times  as  much  commercial  intercourse  with  each  other  as  with  all  the  world  besides. 
It  is  obvious,  then,  that  there  must  be  built  up  in  their  midst  the  great  city  of  the 
continent  /  and  not  only  so,  but  that  they  will  sustain  several  cities  greater  than  those 
which  can  be  sustained  on  the  ocean  border." 

After  making  a  comparison  between  London  and  New  York,  in  which  the  writer 
concludes,  (from  the  past  growth  of  the  two  cities,)  that  New  York  will  overtake  Lon- 
don in  about  fifty  years ;  he  continues :  — 

"  A  similar  comparison  of  New  York  and  the  leading  interior  city  —  CHICAGO  — 
will  show  a  like  result  in  favor  of  Chicago.  The  census  returns  show  the  avei'age 
duplication  to  be  fifteen  years  for  New  York,  and  less  than  four  years  for  Chicago. 
Suppose  that  of  New  York,  for  the  future,  should  be  sixteen  years,  and  that  of  Chicago 
were  only  eight  years,  and  that  New  York  now  has,  with  her  suburbs,  900,000,  and 
Chicago  100,000  people ;  in  three  duplications,  New  York  would  contain  6,200,000, 
and  Chicago,  in  six  duplications,  occupying  the  same  length  of  time,  would  have 


28  HISTOEY   OF   CHICAGO. 

6,400,000.  It  is  not  asserted  as  probable,  that  either  city  will  be  swelled  to  such  an 
extraordinary  size  in  forty-eight  years,  if  ever ;  but  it  is  more  than  probable  that  the 
leading  interior  city  (Chicago)  will  be  greater  than  New  York,  fifty  years  hence." 

If,  then,  according  to  these  calculations,  New  York  is  to  outstrip  London  within 
fifty  years,  and  Chicago  to  outstrip  New  York,  the  conclusion  arrived  at  is,  that 
Chicago  will,  fifty  years  hence,  have  become  The  Largest  City  in  the  World! 


INDIA  RUBBER  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURES, 


NATIVES  COLLECTING  EAST  INDIA  BUB- 
BEE,  OB  JLNTAWAN. 


IT  was  in  the  luxuriant  vegetation  of 
South  America,  that  the  India  Rubber 
tree  was  first  discovered  and  made  known 
to  the  world.  The  botanical  history  of  this 
gum  is  peculiar.  It  is  produced  only  in 
the  intense  heats  of  the  equator.  It  is  found,  indeed,  in  the  greatest  perfection, 
upon  that  equatorial  ring  which  modern  science  has  traced  around  the  globe,  and 


30  INDIA    HUBBER    AND    ITS    MANUFACTURES. 

which  furnishes  to  the  geologist  the  most  convincing  proof  that,  far  back  in  the  early 
dawn  of  time,  before  flower,  or  leaf,  or  spreading  tree  adorned  the  surface  of  the  earth 
—  ages  upon  ages  before  his  dwelling-place  was  prepared  for  man  —  the  solid  globe 
was  in  a  state  of  fusion. 

In  South  America,  under  the  name  of  "  caoutchouc,"  this  gum  is  produced  from  a 
tree  called  the  sipkonia  elastica,  but  it  is  also  obtained  in  the  East  Indies,  and  other 
quarters  of  the  globe.  The  East  India  Rubber,  as  it  is  called  in  commerce,  is  the 
product  oft  he  ficus  elastica,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  in  the  world.  It  is 
found  in  Hindoostan,  and  in  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  and  among  the 
natives  it  passes  by  the  name  of  kasmeer,  and  the  gum  is  called  by  the  names  of 
juntawan,  saikwah,  and  dallah.  It  is  found  also  in  Africa,  but  the  specimens  which 
have  been  imported  are  of  inferior  quality,  and  its  botanical  history  is  not  yet  fully 
ascertained.  The  native  rubber,  however,  in  all  its  varieties,  is  comparatively  useless. 
It  is  only  when  manufactured  into  what  is  now  known  as  "  vulcanized,"  or  "  metallic" 
Rubber,  that  it  becomes  valuable ;  and  it  is  of  this  new  substance,  and  its  manufactures, 
that  we  propose  to  give  some  information  to  the  reader. 

India  Rubber  has  been  known  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  years;  and  only  in  the 
last  twenty -five  years  has  it  been  found  of  much  practical  use.  It  was  brought  into 
Europe,  it  is  supposed,  by  some  French  travelers,  on  their  return  from  South  America, 
in  the  year  1730,  and  introduced  into  America  about  177(i  From  that  period  to  1791 
nothing  seems  to  have  been  done  with  the  raw  material.  The  grand  difficulty  seems 
to  have  been  to  find  a  solvent  for  it,  of  such  a  nature  that  it  might  be  easily  manipu- 
lated. In  1791,  the  first  patent  for  effecting  this  was  taken  out  by  Samuel  Peal,  who 
claimed  an  improved  method  of  making  water-proof  all  kinds  of  leather,  cloth,  etc., 
which  he  accomplished  by  dissolving  by  distillation,  or  infusion,  over  a  brisk  fire, 
india-rubber  in  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  then  spreading  it  on  his  cloth,  or  other  ma- 
terial, by  means  of  a  brush.  Here  is  the  germ  of  our  present  water-proof  coat. 

After  hundreds  of  ingenious  mechanics  and  scientific  chemists,  in  various  countries, 
had  occupied  years  in  laborious  but  fruitless  experiments,  the  all-surpassing  genius  of 
an  American  discovered,  and  triiimphantly  perfected,  a  singular  process,  by  which  he 
is  able  to  combine  metals  and  minerals  with  this  tropical  gum,  and  produce  the 
"  metallic,"  or  "  vulcanized  "  Rubber,  which  has  since  taken  a  place  in  science,  and  in 
the  mechanic  arts,  as  important  as  iron  or  glass. 

The  late  Charles  Goodyear,  whose  name  is  world-renowned,  accomplished  this 
greatest  invention  of  the  age,  after  many  years  of  deep  study  and  wearisome  experi- 
ments, in  the  midst  of  poverty,  sickness  and  ridicule. 

India  Rubber  has  already  been  applied  to  countless  uses,  and  yet  it  may  be  said  to 
be  in  its  infancy.  We  will  attempt  to  enumerate  only  a  few  of  the  leading  articles 
we  saw  on  a  recent  visit  to  the  India  Rubber  establishment  of  Messrs.  John  B.  Ideson 
&  Co.,  located  at  No.  115  Randolph  Street,  Kirigsbury  block.  This  firm  is 


INDIA    RUBBER    AND    ITS    MANUFACTURES.  O.l 

the  only  representative  in  the  North-West,  of  the  New  York  Belting  and  Pack- 
ing Company,  whose  extensive  manufactory  is  located  at  Newtown,  Conn.,  on  the 
Potatook  Eiver. 


FOTATOOK  IUVE11   AT   THE  MILL-POXIX 


Mr.  Ideson  first  exhibited  some  milk  of  the  Eubber  tree  ;  ammonia  being  added  to 
it  to  preserve  it  in  a  liquid  state.  The  milk  in  the  bottle  was  perfectly  white.  Then 
we  saw  it  molded  into  heavy  disks,  which  form  the  powerful  but  elastic  and  luxurious 
spring,  on  which  the  railroad  car,  laden  with  a  hundred  passengers,  rushes  along  over 
every  iron-belted  avenue.  It  forms  the  belt  which  bears  the  vast  power  of  the  steam 
engine,  that  mightiest  material  agent  God  has  given  to  man,  quivering  and  throbbing 
through  the  busy  factory. 

It  is  modeled  into  the  delicate  billiard  cushion,  on  the  smooth  green  table,  where  the 
rolling  balls  follow  the  unerring  cue.  By  another  process  it  becomes  a  substance  as 
hard  as  ivory,  but  more  brilliant  and  beautiful  in  its  polish  than  jet  itself,  and  then  it 
becomes  the  graceful  comb,  hidden  in  a  fair  girl's  tresses,  the  bracelet  on  her  arm,  the 
ring  on  her  hand  or  the  jewel  in  her  ears.  It  has  already  taken  the  place  of  ivory, 
and  horn,  and  shell,  in  the  countless  uses  to  which  the  ingenuity  of  man  has  applied 
them,  for  comfort  and  for  luxuries.  Among  some  of  the  latest  appliances  of  hard,  or 
semi-hard  India  Rubber  we  may  mention,  for  machinery,  army  accoutrements,  orna- 
ments and  musical  instruments,  knife,  sword,  pistol  handles  and  pens.  Army 


32  INDIA    RUBBER    AND    ITS    MANUFACTURES. 

accoutrements  and  ornaments  excel  those  in  present  use  from  their  lightness,  and 
from  the  resistance  to  blows  which  indent  metal,  as  well  as  from  the  facility  with 
which  they  may  be  cleaned.  As  handles  to  ordinary  knives,  pistols,  or  swords,  there 
is  a  superiority  over  anything  hitherto  used,  both  in  touch  and  wear,  the  blades  not 
being  liable  to  start  when  placed  in  hot  water,  whilst  its  application  to  pens  will 
doubtless,  ere  long,  be  as  common  as  steel,  combining,  as  it  does,  all  the  qualities  of 
the  metal,  with  the  extreme  freedom  and  ease  of  the  quill. 


INDIA  RUBBER  GRINDING   MILL. 

It  has  also  been  applied  for  the  coating  of  iron  pins  for  insulators,  the  covering  of 
gun-barrels  in  place  of  browning,  and  the  coating  of  harness  irons  in  place  of  leather, 
being  found  far  more  valuable,  not  affected  by  heat  or  wet,  and  requiring  far  less 
trouble  in  cleaning. 

Since  the  commencement  of  the  present  war,  new  wants  have  called  forth  new 
applications,  and  India  Kubber  promises  to  be  as  indispensable  for  the  army  and 
navy,  as  it  has  proved  in  the  industrial  peaceful  arts.  Mr.  Ideson  exhibited  to  us 
every  variety  and  style  of  clothing,  and  almost  every  article  necessary  for  army 
purposes,  such  as  water-proof  camp  blankets,  for  officers  and  privates ;  some  on  white 
and  colored  flannels,  with  a  slit  in  the  middle,  just  long  enough  to  slip  the  head 
through,  thus  forming  a  regular  poncho,  such  as  the  wild  horsemen  of  the  Pampas 
use.  For  privates  the  light  blankets  are  recommended,  on  account  of  their  cheapness 


INDIA    RUBBER    AND    ITS   MANUFACTURES. 


33 


and  weight.  One  of  these  is  rolled  in  a  small  package,  and  carried  on  the  knapsack 
without  inconvenience.  Four  of  these  blankets  will  form  a  bivouac  tent,  or  a  combi- 
nation knapsack,  such  as  were  used  by  the  celebrated  regiment  of  fireman  Zouaves. 


MACHINE  FOll   WASHING  INDIA  KUBBEB. 


Another  very  important  article  we  saw,  was  a  Rubber  canteen  for  carrying  water. 
It  has  an  ingenious  filterer  in  the  mouth-piece,  which  always  insures  pure  water. 
India  Rubber  hair  mattresses  and  pillows  which  are  water  proof,  and  well  adapted  for 
sea  and  land  service,  and  for  invalids,  and  many  other  articles  which  we  have  not 
space  to  enumerate.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  every  article  for  the  comfort  of  the 
soldier,  or  the  luxury  and  convenience  of  the  civilian,  which  the  art  and  genius  of 
man  can  desire,  may  be  found  at  the  representative  India  Rubber  establishment  of  the 
valley  of  the  West. 


STEAM   HBAXEKS   FOB  VULCANIZING. 


Mr.  Ideson  came  to  this  city  seven  years  ago ;  since  which  time  he  has  perseveringly 
devoted  his  time,  talent  and  capital,  in  developing  and  bringing  to  its  present  position, 
5 


34 


INDIA   RUBBER   AND   ITS   MANUFACTURES. 


this  important  branch  of  commerce  in  Chicago.  His  trade  extends  over  the  entire 
North- West.  From  the  smallest  of  beginnings  in  1855,  the  business  of  this  establish- 
ment has  grown  into  an  extent  and  importance  second  to  few  commercial  interests  in 
•the  "West.  They  introduce  no  article  that  is  not  one  of  decided  utility ;  and  make  it 
a  point  to  affirm  nothing  in  their  advertisement  that  is  not  strictly  true. 

A  leading  and  very  important  feature  in  Messrs. 
Ideson  &  Co.'s  business,  is  that  of  Machine  Bel- 
ting, Steam  Packing,  and  Engine  and  Conduct- 
ing Hose,  also  Solid  Emery  Vulcanite  "Wheels, 
of  which  they  are  the  sole  "Western  Agents,  for 
the  New  York  Belting  and  Packing  Company. 
Before  the  discovery  of  the  vulcanizing  pro- 
cess by  Goodyear,  Rubber  Belting  proved  almost 
worthless,   but    being  vul- 
Ipjcanized  it  is  not  affected  by 
I  heat  or  cold.     The  success 
of  vulcanized   belting  has 
been   so   great  that   many 
inventions  have   been  put 
in  the  market,  made  of  va- 
rious   materials,   and   sold 
for  Kubber  Belting.    These 

CUTTING  KUiiuKK  INTO  SLABS  FOB  THE  wASHKooM.  have,  in  some  measure,  suc- 

ceeded  for  a  while,  but  in  every  case  have  proved  a  failure,  and  also,  a  loss  to  those 
using  them.  Any  person  can  test  the  difference  by  exposing  a  piece  of  each  to  the 
action  of  the  heat,  when  the  piece  not  vulcanized  will  become  soft  and  sticky,  while 
that  which  is  vulcanized  will  remain  without  any  danger  whatever.  The  difference  is 
equally  apparent  when  the  belts  are  exposed  to  cold  weather,  as  that  which  is  vulcan- 
ized will  remain  perfectly  pliable  while  the  imitations  and  bogus  belts  will  become 
hard  and  rigid.  From  observation  and  experience  we  are  satisfied  that  the  only 
reliable  Rubber  Belting  is  the  "  Patent  Smooth  Vulcanized  Belting." 

The  superiority  of  this  Belting,  for  most  purposes,  over  the  best  Leather  Belts,  has 
been  proved,  after  a  trial  of  many  years.  It  is  manufactured  by  a  process  peculiar  to 
this  Company,  by  which  unusual  firmness  and  solidity  is  obtained,  thereby  obviating 
some  objections  heretofore  urged  against  India-Rubber  Belting  made  in  the  old  way. 
The  great  improvements  in  Vulcanized  Rubber  Hose,  combine  strength,  firmness  and 
flexibility,  which  render  it  superior  to  any  other  made.  Vulcanized  Rubber  Steam 
Packing  is  considered  by  engineers  and  mechanics  as  indispensable  wherever  steam 
joints  are  to  be  made,  as  no  substance  has  so  much  elasticity  which  stands  so  high  a 
degree  of  heat.  Since  1846  this  packing  only,  has  been  used  by  ocean  steamers,  and 
by  all  the  principal  steamers  and  engine-shops  in  the  United  States. 


INDIA  RUBBER  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURES. 


35 


The  extent,  variety  and  beauty  of  articles  manufactured  from  HAKD  GUM  is 
almost  incredible ;  yet  opposite  as  its  results  are,  through,  all  its  transformations 
it  preserves  its  durability,  tenacity,  impermeability,  and  the  property  of  retaining 
the  shape  into  which  it  is  moulded  and  heated,  as  well  as  the  most  beautiful  ppl- 


PRESSING  LEATHER  ON  THE  CLOTH. 


ish.  This  new  form  of  rubber  is  so  far  perfected  as  to  form  an  important  staple 
branch  of  industry,  in  which  millions  of  dollars  are  invested,  and  the  business  is 
steadily  increasing  in  extent  and  value. 


VULCANIZING    HOSE. 


Solid  Emery  Vulcanite  Wheels,  for  grinding  and  polishing  metals  are  of  compara- 
tively recent  invention.     During  the  past  three  years,  they  have  been  thoroughly 


INDIA   RUBBER   AND   ITS   MANUFACTURES. 


tested,   and   successfully   adopted  in   thousands   of   the   best    manufacturing   estab- 
lishments throughout  the  country.     For  their  great  economy,  efficiency,  and  con- 


WATERFALL  AND  MILL-POND  FROM  BELOW  THE  DAM, 
POTATOOK  RIVER. 

venience,  and  particularly  their  perfect 
adaptation  to  many  kinds  of  work  now 
commonly  done  with  files  by  hand  labor, 
they  are  almost  indispensable  in  every  man- 
ufacturing establishment.  Their  djirabil- 
ity  is  such,  that  even  when  the  wheels  are 
in  constant  use,  the  wear  of  them  is  hardly 
perceptible. 

This  house  is  also  the  western  agency  for  the  oldest  and  most  extensive  Leather 
Belting  manufactories  in  the  East.  At  all  times,  there  is  kept  in  this  establish- 
ment, the  best  and  largest  stock  of  Leather  Belting  to  be  found  in  this  part  of  the 
country.  All  the  belting  sold  by  this  firm  is  sold  as  low  as  can  be  bought  at  the  East, 
and  the  quality  is  warranted.  And  so  we  might  go  on  enumerating  article  after 
article,  of  utility,  beauty,  and  ornament,  which  may  be  found  at  this  establishment, 
had  we  the  space.  .  But  we  recommend  all,  whose  interest  and  curiosity  would  be  pro- 
moted thereby,  to  visit  the  store  of  Mqesrs.  Ideson  &  Co.,  at  No.  115  Randolph  street, 
Kingsbury  Block,  and  examine  for  themselves. 


0 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  ALE,  BEER  AND  PORTER, 


JNE  of  the  great  things  of  our  Republic  is,  that  it  opens  to  every  citizen  all  the 
paths  that  lead  to  wealth  and  honor.  Here  there  is  freedom  for  glory,  as  well  as 
struggle;  wealth  as  well  as  toil.  "We  shall  reckon  no  Norman  conquest  in  our 
history  ;  for  where  we  conquer  a  nation  her  territory  is  divided  among  all  our  people. 
"We  rummage  no  musty  libraries  for  titles  of  nobility ;  but  in  the  United  States,  every 
true,  brave,  daring  man  is  the  Eudolph  de  Hapsburgh  of  his  race.  If  such  institu- 
tions, and  the  universal  prevalence  of  such  a  spirit,  do  not  make  us  a  great  nation, 
then  civilization  itself,  with  all  the  appliances  of  political  and  religious  liberty,  cannot 
do  it.  England  has  given  the  world  all  the  grand  and  bright  ideas  she  had  for  ages, 
until  the  Anglo-Saxons  began  to  develop  themselves  on  this  side  the  Atlantic,  in 
unfettered  liberty.  The  world  is  astonished  at  our  progress ;  and  we  should  be  our- 
selves if  we  could  stop  long  enough  to  see  how  rapid  it  has  been.  Other  countries 
trace  their  fortunes  to  a  few  men ;  we  do  it,  comparatively,  to  many.  It  is  to  the 
concurrent  energies,  genius,  and  patriotism  of  a  multitude  of  men,  that  we  owe  what 
we' now  are.  To  illustrate  —  turn  to  the  frontispiece  of  this  elegant  commercial 
volume,  and  behold  a  view  of  Chicago_of  1820— then  to  the  next  page  and  see  Chicago 
of  1862 ;  a  city  of  only  about  forty  years  growth  —  the  admiration  of  travelers  from 
every  part  of  our  own  continent  —  the  marvel  of  those  from  the  other  hemisphere. 
And  yet,  only  a  faint  conception  of  the  secret  of  the  unexampled  progress  this  city 
has  made  in  life  and  power,  can  be  gained  by  the  contemplation  of  its  more  imposing 
palaces,  churches,  public  buildings  and  hotels.  In  these  we  see  only  surface  indica- 
tions—they are  but  the  saloons  and  surface  decorations  of  the  gorgeous  steamer. 
To  understand  the  power  that  moves  her,  we  must  go  below  and  look  at  the  gigantic 
machinery  which  impels  her  along  her  way.  Behold  her  manufactories  —  her  men  of 
business  :  these  are  the  architects  whose  genius  and  enterprise  have  reared  this  proud 
structure  of  commercial  greatness  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  spots  to  visit  in  this  great  and  growing  city  of  the  West,  is  Messrs. 
Lill  &  Diversy's  extensive  BKEWEEY,  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  on  the 
shore  of  the  lake,  whose  crystal  waters  forms  so  important  an  item  in  their  article  of 
manufacture. 

Ale  is  a  beverage  of  great  antiquity  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.     But  the  Ale  of 
those  periods,  and  until  the  sixteenth  century,  contained  no  hops.     Ale  is  mentioned 


38  MANUFACTURE    OF   ALE,    BEER   AND   PORTER. 

in  the  laws  of  Ina,  King  of  "Wessex,  who  ascended  the  throne  about  the  year  689.  It 
was  one  of  the  articles  of  a  royal  banquet,  provided  for  Edward  the  Confessor,  about 
the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century. 

Some  centuries  since,  ale  and  wine  were  as  certainly  a  part  of  a  breakfast,  in 
England,  as  tea  and  coffee  are  at  present,  and  even  for  ladies.  The  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland, in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  lived  in  the  following  manner : — "On  flesh  days 
through  the  year,  breakfast  for  my  lord  and  lady  was  a  loaf  of  bread,  two  manchets,  a 
quart  of  beer,  a  quart  of  wine,  half  a  chine  of  mutton,  or  a  chine  of  beef,  boiled. 
On  meagre  days,  a  loaf  of'bread,  two  manchets,  a  quart  of  beer,  a  quart  of  wine,  a 
dish  of  butter,  a  piece  of  salt  fish,  or  a  dish  of  buttered  eggs." 

Hume  relates  that  the  Earl  of  Leicester  gave  Queen  Elizabeth  an  entertainment,  in 
Kenilworth  Castle,  which  was  extraordinary  for  expense  and  magnificence.  Among 
other  particulars,  we  are  told  that  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  hogsheads  of  beer  were 
drank  at  it.  Now  in  this  quantity  there  are  twenty-three  thousand  gallons ;  and  if 
there  were  twenty-three  thousand  persons  present,  which  is  not  possible,  it  would  still 
be  an  allowance  of  a  gallon  to  each. 

ALE,  a  fermented  liquor,  prepared  from  an  infusion  of  malt  and  barley.  It  is  called 
ale  or  beer ;  in  some  places,  as  in  Wilts  and  Dorset,  in  England,  the  terms  are  used 
indifferently.  In  others  a  distinction  is  made  ;  Ale  being  a  light  colored  liquor,  pre- 
pared from  slightly  roasted  malt,  and  which  gives  oif  more  froth  or  bead.  Beer  is 
probably  the  generic  name,  hence  brewing.  Though  a  German  word,  its  connection 
with  the  Latin  bibere  is  obvious.  Ale  is  Anglo-Saxon.  It  is  a  common  beverage  in 
almost  all  countries  in  which  the  climate  prohibits  the  cultivation  of  the  vine ;  and 
here  it  may  be  observed  that  the  use -of  some  fermented  beverage  is  universal  through- 
out the  ancient  and  modern,  civilized  and  savage  world,  from  Noah  to  the  South-Sea 
Islanders.  Beer  or  Ale,  cerevisia,  from  Ceres  the  goddess  of  corn,  is  said  by  Tacitus 
to  have  been  drank  in  his  time  by  the  Germans,  the  root  from  which  the  great  beer 
drinkers  of  modern  times  derive  their  origin.  According  to  Herodotus,  the  Egyptians 
prepared  it  from  the  barley  for  which  the  valley  of  the  Nile  is  still  famous.  Diodorus 
Siculus  speaks  of  two  different  liquors,  one  the  pure  infusion,  Zythos,  the  other 
Kourmirmi,  prepared  with  honey.  Some,  even  for  the  nations  which  coiild  take  their 
wine,  did  not  despise  John  Barleycorn  ;  the  Spaniards,  Gauls  and  Greeks  liked  beer ; 
the  Gauls  in  particular  had  their  corma  and  cerevisea,  a  barley  beer,  and  a  wheat  beer, 
while  the  Britons  imbibed  a  thin  potation,  which  would  hardly  pass  the  lips  of  their 
descendants,  which  they  prepared  from  wheat  sweetened  with  honey.  The  Chinese, 
among  whom  every  new-fangled  idea  has  been  in  use  for  centuries,  have  a  drink  made 
of  barley  or  wheat,  and  the  Japanese  take  a  rice  beer  at  every  hour  of  the  day.  Be- 
nighted Nubia  and  Abyssinia  claim  kindred  with  Europe,  in  this  one  touch  of  nature 
—  they  prepare  a  drink  from  various  grains.  As  for  the  Danes  and  North-men  they 
placed  their  hopes  of  eternal  happiness,  among  other  pleasures,  in  an  unlimited  supply 
of  beer.  The  bitter  infusion  of  hops  is  of  less  respectable  antiquity.  Their  use  does  not 


MANUFACTURE    OF    ALE,    BEER    AND    POETER. 


39 


seem  to  date  earlier  than  the  eleventh  century ;  before  that  time  the  Scandinavians 
are  reputed  to  have  used  oak  bark.    What  effect  the  preservative  virtues  of  tannin 
had  on  their  bodies  and  health,  is  not  recorded.     Boot  beer,  pleasant  to  Teutons  but 
an  abomination  to  Britons,  was  invented  after  the  twelfth  century ;  probably  first 
devised  as  a  substitute  by  some  unfortunates  during  a  time  of  famine  ;  just  as  sailors 
who  are  out  of  tobacco  take  to  chewing  oakum.     Hans  Kenne,  of  Nuremberg,  (1541) 
was  the  father  of  white  Beer,  dear  to  the  patriotic  Prussian.    Ale  and  Beer  was  once 
accounted,  beyond  dispute,  one  of  the  necessities  of  life,  and  equally  with  bread,  was 
subject  to  an  assize  of  price  and  quality.     Municipal  officers,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
taste  the  Ale  served  out  to  the  public  and  report  defaulters,  were  appointed  by  various 
English  statutes.    The  duty  was  probably  not  unpleasant,  seeing  that  the  brewers 
were  not  likely  to  submit  a  bad  brew  for  inspection.     The  venders  of  an  adulterated 
tap  had  to  stand  in  the  public  dung  cart.    Beer,  though  accounted  less  respectable 
than  wine,  perhaps,  because  the  Komans,  who  served  out  a  ration  of  parched  corn  and 
vinegar  to  their  hungry  legions,  thought  but  little  of  it,  has  furnished  matter  to  litera- 
ture and  art.     Beer  riots  in  Bavaria,  malt-tax  riots  in  England,  on  account  of  the  rise 
in  the  price  of  these  beverages,  help  to  teach  statesmen  that  the  great  food  question  is 
at  the  bottom  of  all  real  popular  discontent.   Hogarth  in  his  Beer  Alley  and  Gin  Lane, 
shows  us  the  infinite  superiority  of  wholesome,  sound-bodied  Beer,  over  the  detestable 
alcohol,  just  beginning  to  be  popular  in  his  day.    Every  one  remembers  "John  Barley- 
corn "  as  a  picture  of  burly  strength  and  substantial  solidity.     Burns'  "  happy  ale  "  is 
the  symbol  of  good  fellowship ;  and  to  what  a  depth  of  contempt  does  lago  assign 
"small  beer."     The  government  of  Bavaria  paternally  interested  in  the  welfare  of 
of  its  people,  gives  considerable  attention  to  the  supply  of  its  people  with  a  good  and 
wholesome  drink ;  and  although  the  BOCK  Beer,  so  called  from  the  saltatory  move- 
ments similar  to  those  of  a  bock  (goat),  which  it  induces  in  its  too  partial  admirers, 
may  bring  the  beverage  into  some  disrepute  with  serious  people,  the  excellence  of 
Bavarian  Beer  cannot  be  denied. 

About  the  year  1620  some  doctors  and  surgeons,  during  their  attendance  on  an 
English  gentleman,  who  was  diseased  at  Paris,  discoursed  on  wines  and  other  bever- 
ages ;  and  one  physician,  who  had  been  in  England,  said,  "  the  English  had  a  drink 
which  they  called  Ale,  and  which  he  thought  the  wholesomest  liquor  that  could  be 
drank;  for  whereas  the  body  of  man  is  supported  by  natural  heat  and  radical  moisture, 
there  is  no  drink  conduceth  more  to  the  preservation  of  the  one,  and  the  increase  of 
the  other,  than  Ale ;  for,  while  the  Englishmen  drank  only  Ale,  they  were  strong, 
brawny,  able  men,  and  could  draw  an  arrow  an  ell  long ;  but  when  they  fell  to  wine, 
they  are  found  to  be  much  impaired  in  their  strength  and  age." 

Wherever  a  people  make  Ale  a  common  beverage,  spirituous  liquors,  drunkenness 
and  vice  decrease  in  proportion.  A  few  years  ago,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  common 
drink  was  whisky,  or  rather  a  compound  of  fiery  poisons,  called  whisky.  Now  Ale  is 
becoming  the  universal  beverage.  There  are  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 


40  MANUFACTURE    OF    ALE,    BEER    AND    PORTER. 

barrels  of  Ale  brewed  annually  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  of  Lager.  Among  the  most  extensive  and  popular  Breweries  in  the 
Mississippi  valley  is  that  of  Messrs.  Lill  &  Diversy.  A  visit  to  this  Brewery  is  full 
of  interest,  the  gigantic  character  of  business  operations,  the  scrupulous  cleanliness 
which  pervades  everything  is  gratifying  to  the  lover  of  fine  Ale.  This  immense 
establishment  has  grown  to  its  present  gigantic  proportions  since  1835,  when  it  was 
established  by  "W.  Haas  &  Co.  The  firm  was  composed  of  William  'Haas  and  Andrew 
Sulzar,  whose  combined  capital  invested  amounted  to  about  $3000,  giving  employment 
to  four  men. 

These  pioneers  emigrated  to  this  then  far  Western  Territory,  from  Watertown,  in  the 
State  of  New  York.  They  brought  with  them  a  small  brew-apparatus,  a  lot  of  malt 
and  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  barrels  of  Ale.  Soon  after  their  arrival  they  pur- 
chased of  Wm.  B.  Ogden,  a  lot  one  hundred  by  two  hundred  feet  in  Kinzie's  addition, 
for  two  hundred  dollars,  upon  which  they  erected  a  frame  building,  forty  by  eighty 
feet,  with  small  additions,  where  they  commenced  brewing  the  finest  Ale  made  in 
Chicago.  Upon  that  very  site  now  stands  the  "  CHICAGO  BBEWERT,"  of  Lill  &  Diversy, 
whose  humble  origin  dates  back  twenty-seven  years  ago,  when  six  hundred  barrels  of 
Ale  per  annum  (the  amount  manufactured  by  Haas  &  Co.)  supplied  the  Chicago 
market,  which  now  requires  ninety-three,  thousand  barrels  per  annum. 

About  1836  Mr.  Sulzar  sold  his  one-half  interest  to  Wm.  B.  Ogden,  and  in  1839, 
Mr.  Haas  sold  his  to  Mr.  William  Lill,  the  present  active  partner,  through  whose 
indefatigable  business  capacity,  and  knowledge  of  the  Brewing  interest,  the  Chicago 
Brewery  has  attained  its  present  wide-extended  reputation,  and  extensive  sales 
throughout  this  great  valley,  from  the  frozen  regions  of  the  north  —  the  rock- girt 
shores  of  Lake  Superior  —  to  New  Orleans,  the  Naples  of  the  South  —  from  the  Falls 
of  Niagara  to  the  newly  discovered  gold  regions  of  Pike's  Peak.  Every  where  over 
this  wide  extended  territory,  Lill  &  Diversy's  Ale  is  favorably  known  and  sought  for. 

The  progress  of  the  Americans  in  brewing  of  malt  and  hop  liquors,  is  not  less 
than  that  made  in  manufactures  and  inventions,  and  we  seem  to  be  overtaking  John 
Bull  in  Ale  making,  aye,  and  in  Ale  drinking.  Even  temperance  men  have  rejoiced 
in  this,  as  they  look  upon  the  rise  of  Ale  as  the  downfall  of  poisonous  liquor.  But  a 
few  years  ago,  alcoholic  liquors  were  the  almost  universal  drink,  and  the  Ale  then 
made  was  stigmatized  as  "  swipes."  That  day  has  passed,  and  the  most  fastidious 
Britisher  and  epicurean  Teuton  quaffs  the  ripe  and  sparkling  Ale,  and  the  lively, 
cheering  Lager,  with  a  gusto  equal  to  what  either  could  in  their  own  country,  and  the 
American  who  used  to  ridicule  the  Englishman  and  the  German,  now  sits  down  and 
takes  his  Lill's  Ale  with  a  zest,  and  protests  it  is  the  richest  tonic  he  ever  imbibed ; 
while  in  the  homes  of  American  families,  we  find  the  barrel  and  the  half-barrel  stand- 
ing ready  tapped  all  the  while ;  and  Yankees  find  that  Ale  is  a  cure  for  dyspepsia,  and 
a  capital  thing  to  take  and  enjoy. 

This  Brewery  occupies  two  entire  blocks,  on  which  there  are  three  large  brick 


MANUFACTURE    OF    ALE,    BEER    AND    PORTER.  41 

buildings,  measuring  four  hundred  and  thirty  by  one  hundred  feet,  and  four  or  five 
stories  high,  while  the  rest  is  devoted  to  out-buildings,  yards,  shops,  stabling  and 
storage.  It  was  erected  at  an  expense  of  $125,000,  and  frequent  additions  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time ;  the  vats,  machinery,  appurtenances,  live  stock  and  wagons, 
are  worth  about  $80,000 ;  while  the  value  of  barley,  malt  and  hops  on  hand,  is  always 
about  $110,000.  Thus  there  is  a  capital  of  about  $300,000  employed  in  the  business, 
which  is  far  ahead  of  any  similar  establishment  in  the  West.  They  send  Ale  as  far 
east  as  Buffalo,  north,  to  Lake  Superior  and  St.  Paul,  west,  to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  and 
previous  to  our  National  troubles,  to  New  Orleans.  They  also  have  agents  in  all  the 
principal  cities  of  the  West. 

In  brewing,  the  barley  is  first  elevated  to  the  lofts  of  the  main  building,  each  of 
which  measures  one  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  forty  feet,  and  is  capable  of  storing 
one  hundred  thousand  bushels  of  grain.  The  barley  is  raised  to  the  lofts  by  the  eleva- 
tors, and  then  passes  into  a  peculiar  looking  vehicle,  called  a  screening  machine,  which 
cleanses  it.  The  first  operation  is  malting.  This  is  the  process  by  which  certain  of  the 
component  parts  of  barley  are  converted  into  a  species  of  saccharine  matter,  through 
the  agency  of  an  artificial  or  forced  vegetation  ;  and  to  this  are  devoted  four  floors  of 
the  entire  building,  which  are  as  remarkable  for  their  cleanliness  and  order  as  for  their 
size,  being  one  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  forty  feet.  They  have  also  a  Malt 
House  at  Janesville,  where  they  malt  twenty  thousand  bushels  per  annum,  also, 
another,  not  connected  with  the  Brewery,  malting  eighteen  thousand  bushels  per  an- 
num, and  soon  they  purpose  the  erection  of  another  building,  with  facilities  for  malting 
one  hundred  thousand  bushels  per  annum.  There  are  seven  immense  steeping  tubs, 
capable  of  holding  nine  hundred  and  eighty  bushels,  and  seven  drying  kilns.  Into 
these  tubs  the  grain  is  turned,  along  with  water,  and  remains  soaking  for  many  hours 
—  for  Ale,  it  remains  twenty-six  to  forty  hours. 

There  are  always  four  thousand  five  hundred  bushels  of  grain  in  process  of  malting. 
When  sufficiently  soaked,  the  contents  of  the  steeping  tubs  are  emptied  upon  smooth 
cemented  floors,  of  which  there  are  two,  seventy-eight  by  two  hundred  feet  in  extent. 
Here  the  steeped  barley  remains  to  grow  from  seven  to  ten  days ;  it  is  then  thrown 
into  the  drying  kilns,  and  is  heated  over  a  coal  fire  for  three  days  ;  after  this,  the  bar- 
ley is  again  elevated  to  another  floor  by  the  elevators,  and  falls  from  thence  into  the 
huge  mill,  where  it  is  completely  crushed  between  ponderous  cylindrical  iron  rollers, 
which  break  every  corn;  then  it  passes  into  the  malt-bin,  and  so  on  to  the  mash-tun, 
where  the  boiling  water  is  added,  and  is  mixed  up  by  a  mashing  machine  capable  of 
mashing  one  thousand  and  ten  bushels,  or  more,  at  a  time.  This  tun  is  a  round 
wooden  vessel,  with  a  movable  perforated  bottom,  and  when  the  barley  is  thoroughly 
mixed,  it  passes  through  this  into  a  great  copper  boiler.  The  hops,  at  this  stage,  are 
added,  and  the  boiling  progresses.  This  is  continued  vintil  the  liquid,  or  wort,  as  it  is 
called,  is  brought  to  the  condition  required,  and  which  demands  the  nicest  discrimina- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  brewer.  The  contents  of  the  bolters  now  pass  into  the  hop- 

6 


42  MANUFACTURE    OF    ALE,    BEER   AND    PORTER. 

jack,  which,  having  a  bottom  like  the  mash-tun,  the  liquor  passes  off,  leaving  the  hops 
at  the  bottom  of  the  jack.  The  liquid  is  then  pumped,  by  steam,  into  the  coolers, 
which  are  large  shallow  vessels,  more  like  boxes,  in  a  separate  apartment  at  the  top  of 
the  building.  As  it  is  essential  that  the  cooling  should  be  rapid,  the  apartment  is 
almost  all  windows,  overlooking  the  lake,  while  over  the  coolers  are  fans,  which, 
revolving,  keep  up  a  breeze  which  soon  chills  the  liquor,  which  passes,  subsequently, 
through  pipes  to  the  great  fermenting  tuns,  or  tubs,  below,  (of  these  there  are  six  for 
Ale,  with  a  capacity  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  three  hundred  and  fifty  barrels 
each,  and  fourteen  for  Lager,  of  seventy  barrels  each,)  every  tun  being  furnished 
with  a  refrigerator.  Fermentation  is  a  process  which  is  the  most  difficult  of  all 
to  conduct  properly  —  the  most  precarious  in  its  results;  but,  at  the  same  time,  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  the  operator.  For  although  he  has  been  successful  in  all  the 
preceding  stages,  yet  should  he  fail  in  this,  the  advantages  which  he  has  already  ob- 
tained will  be  of  little  avail,  and  complete  disappointment  must  ensue,  inasmuch  as 
the  produce  will  be  wanting  in  every  requisite  property — in  spirituosity,  flavor  and 
transparency.  The  yeast  is  added,  and  the  Beer  gradually  rises  in  foam,  until  the  tun, 
which  was  half  full  at  first,  soon  brims  over.  The  yeast  works  out  at  the  top  of  the 
Ale,  and  is  skimmed ;  while  it  works  to  the  bottom  of  Lager,  and  the  liquor  is  drawn 
off,  leaving  the  yeast  as  a  sediment.  The  process  of  fermentation  takes  from  three  to 
ten  days.  From  these  tuns  the  Ale  or  Beer  is  drawn  into  puncheons,  or  hogsheads,  of 
about  ten  barrels  each,  situated  in  the  working  cellar.  When  the  working  has  ceased, 
the  liquid  passes  into  the  racking  vats,  where  it  rests  for  about  six  hours,  and  is  then 
racked  into  packages  for  shipment.  But  it  is  of  course  not  sold  until  the  article  has 
ripened,  which  occupies  many  months,  the  longer  the  better ;  and  no  brewers  but  the 
most  ex-tensive  can  afford  their  brewing  to  remain  so  long  on  hand.  In -this  respect, 
Messrs.  Lill  &  Diversy  possess  facilities  beyond  that  of  any  other  establishment  of  a 
similar  nature  in  the  North- West  —  a  large  capital  and  extensive  capacity  for  storage, 
enable  them  to  keep  their  Ale  and  Beer  longer  than  the  other  firms,  and  this  places 
their  productions  pre-eminently  ahead  of  their  competitors. 

In  the  manufacture  of  Porter  and  Brown  Stoiit,  the  barley,  in  malting,  is  roasted,  or 
burned.  Stock  Ale,  which  is  made  in  the  winter,  takes  twenty  days  longer  than  light 
Ale  in  making. 

At  this  Brewery,  four  thousand  seven  hundred  barrels  of  Ale  are  always  in  process 
of  brewing,  and  there  is  always  ready  stored  in  the  immense  ice  houses,  eleven  thou- 
sand to  twelve  thousand  barrels  of  Stock  and  Bitter  Pale  Ale,  Porter,  and  Brown 
Stout,  in  tuns  holding  from  thirty  to  two  hundred  and  ten  barrels  each. 

There  are  two  Ice  Houses,  one  of  which  was  recently  erected,  measuring  two  hun- 
dred and  ten  by  seventy  feet.  The  ice  is  in  the  middle  of  the  ice  house,  in  two 
bodies,  one  measuring  sixty  by  thirty  and  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  the  other  sixty  by 
sixty  and  twenty-five  feet  high,  packed  in  tanbark,  and  encased  in  wood,  by  which 
means  a  temperature  of  forty  degrees  is  kept  up  during  the  year.  The  absence  of 


MANUFACTURE    OF    ALE,   BEER   AND   PORTER. 

cellars  has  been  the  greatest  drawback  to  Chicago  as  a  brewing  point,  but  these  ice 
houses  overcome  all  that,  and  the  fame  which  Milwaukee  Lager  Beer  gamed  through 
its  cellarage,  no  longer  obtains  to  the  depreciation  of  Chicago  Ale. 

Messrs.  Lill  &  Diversy,  last  year,  bought  one  hundred  and  twelve  thousand  bushels 
of  barley  and  sold,  in  the  same  period,  forty-four  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
barrels  of  Ale,  Stout,  and  Porter,  while  their  facilities  will  enable  them  to  increase 
their  manufactures  at  least  thirty  per  cent,  when  the  supply  shall  fall  shor 

demand,  as  soon  it  must  do. 

In  this  Brewery  they  have  a  force  of  seventy-five  mea,  thirty-five  horses,  a  steam 
engine  of  twenty-five-horse  power,  and  a  boiler  of  fifty-horse  power,  which  heats  ti 
water  for  boiling  and  mashing,  and  warms  the  entire  building.     Added  to  tins,  ther 
are  Malt  Vinegar  Rectifying  Works,  which  turn  out  twenty-five  barrels  per  die, 
They  require  two  carpenter  shops  and  twelve  men  to  attend  to  repairs,  and  making 
boxes  and  signs.     They  have  two  cooper  shops,  which  employ  from  five  to  twenty 
men,   according   to    the   season;    while  the    stables,   in    neatness    and    order,   , 


few  years,  Ale  of  the  first  quality  has  been  brewed  by  this  establishment, 
and  justly  appreciated,  until  it  is  now  the  table  drink  of  nearly  every  family  m  easy 
cimunstances-  being  light,  sprightly,  and  free  from  the  bitterness  which  du 
guishes  Porter-no  other  ingredients  entering  into  the  composition  than  malt  hops, 
and  pure  water.  The  qualities  which  most  distinguish  this  Ale,  are  pnnty,  brilliancy 
of  color,  richness  of  flavor,  and  non-liability  to  deterioration  in  warm  weather  - 
qualities,  the  result  of  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  Lake  Michigan  water,  the  high 
intelligence,  care,  and  experience  of  their  brewers,  conjoined  to  the  use  of  apparatus 
possessing  all  the  modern  improvements,  of  European  and  American  manuf 

LAGEB  BE»B.-The  manufacture  of  Lager  Beer  was  introduced  into  this  country 
about  seventy  years  ago,  from  Bavaria.      The  process  of  brewing  it  wa, 
secret  for  a  long  period.     Its  reception  was  not  a  welcome  one;  and  about  twel 
years  elapsed  before  its  use  became  at  all  general.     Within  the  last  few  years,  how- 
ever, the  consumption  has  increased  so  enormously,  not  merely  among  the  German 

« 


, 

but  among  our  native  population,  that  its  manufacture  forms  an 
productive  industry.     The  superior  quality  of  that  made  by  Messrs.  Lil    &  :  Diversy, 
has,  no  doubt,  increased  the  demand,  and  diminished,  to  a  great  extent,  the  use  of 
spi  ituous  liquors.     Lager,  signifies  -  kept,"  or  «  on  hand  ;  »  and  Lager  Beer  *  equiv 
aLt  to  "beer  in  store."     It  can  be  made  from  the  same  cereals  from  which  other 
malt  liquors  are  made;  but  barley  is  the  grain  usually  used  in  this  i  country 
process  resembles  that  of  brewing  Ale  and  Porter,  with  some  points  of  difference,  an 
the  brewing  generally  forms  a  seperate  and  distinct  business. 

"  ^ 


The  Bee"  used  in  winter  is  lighter,  and  may  be  drawn  five  or  " 
brewing;  but  the  real  Lager  is  made  in  cold  weather,  has  a  greater  body  - 


44  JEWELRY,    SILVER   WARE,    ETC. 

more  malt  and  hops  are  used  —  and  is  first  drawn  about  the  first  of  May.  It  is  much 
improved  by  age  and  by  keeping  in  a  cool  place. 

There  are  about  twenty  Brewers  of  Lager  Beer  in  Chicago,  employing  a  capital  of 
about  $300,000. 

The  statistics  of  the  entire  Brewing  business  of  Chicago  for  1861,  are  as  follows : 

PRODUCT. 

Ale  and  Porter,  about  93,000  barrels,  averaging  $6  per  barrel  $558,000 

Lager  Beer,  about       50,000        "  "  5    "       "     250,000 


Total  Product $808,000 

KAW  MATERIAL,  CONSUMED. 

Barley,  or  Malt,  338,000  bushels,  @  60c $199,800 

Hops,                  286,000  pounds,  @  22c 62,920 


Total  Raw  Material  consumed $1,070,720 

The  Capital  invested  in  Ale,  Porter,  and  Lager  Beer  Brewing,  including  Malting, 
is  about  $1,070,720. 


JEWELRY,  SILVER  WARE,  ETC, 


T)RECIOUS  metals  are  first  mentioned  in  history  as  a  means  of  facilitating  the 
_L  transfer  of  property.  And  Abraham  weighed  to  Ephraim  the  silver,  "  four  hun- 
dred shekels  of  silver,  current  money  with  the  merchant."  The  adoption  of  gold  and 
silver  for  personal  adornment  was  subsequent  to  its  use  as  money,  and  even  to  this 
day  the  idea  of  value,  in  the  popxilar  mind,  is  associated  with  these  metals  principally 
in  the  form  of  coin.  It  will  therefore  seem  surprising  to  many,  that  the  value  of  the 
gold  and  silver  plate  in  the  world  has  been  carefully  estimated  to  be  two  thausand 
millions  of  dollars,  which  is  at  least  one-fourth  more  than  all  the  coin  in  the  world.  In 
the  United  States,  precious  metals  of  the  value  of  at  least  thirty  millions  of  dollars  are 
annually  converted  into  plate  or  worked  up  into  ornamental  forms.  The  manufacto- 
ries for  these  articles  are  mostly  located  in  eastern  cities,  Philadelphia,  New  York  and 
Newark.  In  the  last-named  it  partakes  of  the  character  of  a  settled  trade.  Many  of 
the  magnificent  services  of  Gold  Plate,  Silver  Trumpets,  Horns,  etc.,  which,  at  different 
times,  and  in  diiferent  parts  of  the  United  States,  have  been  presented  by  citizens  to 


JEWELRY,    SILVER   WAKE,    ETC. 

those  whom  they  delight  to  honor,  were  executed  in  Newark.     But  beside  Gold  and 
Silver  Plate,  the   manufactory  of  Jewelry  is  largely  and   successfully  carried   on, 
particularly  the  finer  and  more  costly  kinds,  as  Diamonds  and  Pearl  Jewelry.     The 
taste  displayed  in   setting  Diamonds  and  Pearls,  and  in  Cameo,  Enameled,  and 
Filagree  work/and  the  weight  and  purity  of  the  solid  gold  work,  would  astonish 
those  who  are  familiar  only  with  the  work  of  this  description  executed  in  New  Jersey. 
There  are  several  lapidaries  in  Newark,  constantly  occupied  in  cutting  and  prepar- 
ing the  various  stones  —  Kubies,   Sapphires,  Agates,  Emeralds  —  beside  the  large 
quantities  that  are  imported  from  abroad.     Although  few  or  none  of  these  articles 
are  manufactured  in  this  city,  yet  they  are  on  sale  here  by  one  of  our  most  enterpris- 
ing and  extensive  Jewelry  Houses,  connected  with  one  of  the  Newark  manufacturing 
companies.     Mr.  A.  H.  MILLER,  on  the  corner  of  Lake  and  Clark  Streets,  represents 
one  of  the  fairest  and  most  noteworthy  houses  in  this  city.     His  stock  presents  one  of 
the  richest  and  most  beautiful  displays  of  the  manufacture  of  pure  silver  into  objects 
of  taste  and  utility  in  Chicago.     The  burnishing  upon  their  smooth  surface,  the 
chasing  of  scenes  and  emblems,  the  various  forms  into  which  they  have  worked  these 
beautiful  metals,  the  originality  of  many  of  their  designs,  the  happy  adaptation  of 
those  which  they  have  borrowed  from  European  artists ;  have  been  the  theme  of 
remark  and  commendation  from  the  very  highest  quarters. 

Mr.  Miller  has  spent  a  life  time  in  this  business— he  is  master  of  it  in  all  its  details. 
His  business  relations  extend  throughout  a  considerable  portion  of  the  North-West ; 
every  order  is  filled  with  the  utmost  degree  of  promptness  ;  his  prices  are  reduced  as 
low  as  the  security  of  trade  and  the  solidity  of  a  great  house  can  admit.  In  1856,  he 
commenced  business  in  Chicago,  in  the  basement  of  the  Marine  Bank  Building,  since 
which  time,  his  business  has  steadily  increased  to  its  present  extent. 

Having  devoted  so  many  years  to  the  elaboration  of  the  art  of  working  gold,  silver, 
and  precious  stones  into  the  most  exquisite  forms,  he  has  contributed  in  no  small 
degree  to  the  embellishment  of  our  homes,  in  the  North-West. 

The  building  occupied  by  Mr.  Miller,  corner  of  Lake  and  Clark  Streets,  has  recently 
been  elevated  to  the  grade  of  Lake  Street,  and  at  an  expense  of  aboiit  five  thousand 
dollars,  it  has  been  made  into  a  first  class  store  — its  large,  translucent  French  plate 
glass  windows  and  doors  — the'  glitter  of  gems  and  silver  and  gold  within,  reminds 
the  passer-by,  of  the  crystal  entrance  to  some  Aladdin  Palace,  where  the  treasures  of 
earth  and  sea,  refined  and  polished  by  cunning  workmanship,  are  all  flashing  forth 
their  intense  splendor.  We  crossed  the  threshold  of  this  house  of  treasures,  when  the 
gas  light  was  flashing  over  these  works  of  genius,  and  saw  them  in  translucent  mir- 
rors, reflected  and  multiplied  —  an  epic  in  silver  and  gems  and  gold.  We  saw  a 
coronet  of  pearls,  inwoven  with  a  starry  way  of  brilliants,  and  lying  as  though  it  had 
just  fallen  from  the  brow  of  a  princess  —  near  to  it  a  diamond  cross,  "  which  Jews 
might  kiss  and  Infidels  adore,"  a  bracelet,  wreathing  in  a  graceful  circle  flexible  links 
of  gorgeous  hues  and  eiiamelings  —  a  plain  chronometer  watch,  made  by  the  cele- 


46  JEWELRY,    SILVER    WARE,    ETC. 

brated  Jules  Jurgensen,  of  Copenhagen,  which  follows  the  sun  unfalteringly  his  three 
hundred  and  sixty-five  days.  This  store  may  well  be  called  a  starry  way  of  pearls, 
diamonds,  and  opals — brooches,  bracelets,  and  pins  of  matchless  enamelings  —  vases 
in  lustrous  gold  and  chased  silver  —  objects  of  rare  workmanship  ;  they  form  a  string 
of  sparkling  gems  of  all  hues,  from  the  burning  ruby  to  the  dreamy,  rainbow -hued  opal. 

But  from  whence  come  all  these  precious  stones,  and  of  what  are  they  made? 
First,  as  to  the  diamond,  which  like  the  stars,  must  have  cycles  to  grow  —  which, 
though  the  king  and  chief  of  all,  may  be  dismissed  in  two  words  — pure  carbon.  The 
diamond  is  the  ultimate  effort,  the  idealization,  the  spiritual  evolution  of  coal,  the 
butterfly  escaped  from  its  antennal  tomb,  the  realization  of  the  coal's  highest  being. 
Then  the  ruby,  the  flaming-red  oriental  ruby,  side  by  side  with  the  sapphire  and  the 
oriental  topaz  - —  both  rubies  of  different  colors  —  what  are  they  ?  Crystals  of  our 
commonest  argillaceous  earth,  the  earth  which  makes  our  potter's  clay,  our  pipe  clay, 
and  common  roofing  slate — mere  bits  of  alumina.  Yet  these  are  our  best  gems,  these 
idealizations  of  common  potter's  clay.  In  every  hundred  grains  of  beautiful  blue 
sapphire,  ninety-two  are  pure  alumina,  with  one  grain  of  iron,  to  make  that  glorious 
blue  light  within.  The  ruby  is  colored  with  chromic  acid.  The  amethyst  is  only 
silica  or  flint.  "In  one  hundred  grains  of  amethyst,  ninety -eight  are  simply  pure 
flint  —  the  same  substance  as  that  which  made  the  old  flint  in  the  tinder-box,  and 
which,  when  ground  up  and  prepared,  makes  now  the  vehicle  of  artists'  colors. 

Of  this  same  silica  are  also  cornelian,  cat's  eye,  rock  crystal,  Egyptian  jasper,  and 
opal.  In  one  hundred  grains  of  opal,  ninety  are  pure  silica,  and  ten  water.  It  is  the 
water,  then,  which  gives  the  gem  that  peculiarly  changeable  and  irridescent  coloring 
which  is  so  beautiful,  and  which  renders  the  opal  the  moon-light  queen  of  the  kingly 
diamond.  The  garnet,  the  Brazilian  —  not  the  oriental — topaz,  the  occidental  emerald, 
which  is  of  the  same  species  as  the  beryl ;  all  these  are  compounds  of  silica  and 
alumina. 

Many  of  these  precious  objects,  which  in  their  intensity,  beauty  and  suggestiveness, 
seem  like  living  things,  have  in  their  diverse  pilgrimages  been  gathered  into  this 
Jewel  House  of  A.  H.  MILLER,  late  A.  H.  Miller  &  Bros.,  at  126  Lake,  corner  of 
Clark  Street.  But  they  will  be  scattered  again,  for  they  were  purchased  to  be  distri- 
buted again  by  this  enterprising  merchant,  who  has  done  so  much  to  embellish  our 
homes,  and  dispense  luxuries  amid  the  families  of  the  opulent,  who  have  come  here 
from  every  quarter  of  the  civilized  world. 


MUSICAL  INSTKUMENT  MANUFACTURE, 


is  nothing  more  encouraging  to 
J_  our  artistic  life,  than  the  progress  of  the 
Fine  Arts  in  this  country.  It  is  encourag- 
ing, because  we  see  rapid  progress  in  all 
directions ;  and  it  is  affecting,  too,  because 
we  find  that  every  branch  of  art  has  re- 
quired heroic  perseverance  and  prolonged 
sacrifices  of  the  early  apostles,  who  have  led 
the  way  to  a  period^of  more  refined  taste 
in  everything  that  adorns  and  embellishes 
civilized  life.  Mr.  JULIUS  BAUER,  No.  99  Clark  street,  opposite  the  Court  House,  had 
long  been  associated  with  one  of  the  great  musical  manufacturing  houses  at  Leipsic, 
so  well  known  to  the  musical  world.  From  time  to  time  large  orders  from  America 
were  received  in  Leipsic,  and  it  was  believed  that  the  demand  here  would  warrant  the 
establishment  of  a  manufactory,  and  Mr.  Bauer,  after  visiting  several  of  the  large 
cities  in  this  country,  resolved  to  locate  in  Chicago,  which  he  did  in  1857,  since  which 
time  he  has  prosecuted  the  manufacture  here  with  great  success.  The  Musical 
Instruments  that  are  made  by  this  house  (which  is  the  only  establishment  of  this  kind 
in  Chicago,)  comprise  Melodeons,  Accordeons,  Concertinas,  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars, 
Drums,  Tambourines,  Banjos,  and  German  Silver  and  Brass  Band  Instruments.  All 
of  these  articles  are  of  a  superior  quality,  having  never  been  surpassed  in  tone,  finish 
and  construction  by  European  manufactures ;  for  Mr.  Bauer  supervises  every  Instru- 
ment made  at  his  establishment.  He  is  now  furnishing  Instruments  of  his  manufac- 
ture to  music  dealers  in  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  and  indeed  to  nearly  every  dealer  in 
this  Western  Valley.  Composers,  performers,  and  lovers  of  music  throughout  this 
section,  have  written  their  unqualified  commendation.  Mr.  Bauer  is  supplying  the 
Government  with  nearly  all  the  Instruments  for  the  Army  of  the  "West.  The  Con- 
certina is  a  new  instrument,  somewhat  similar  to  the  accordeon,  though  its  construc- 
tion is  stronger,  and  by  an  echo  attachment  similar  to  the  pedal  of  a  piano,  the  tone 
may  be  sweet  and  delicate  as  that  of  a  flute,  or  changed  to  the  deep  and  powerful  vol- 
ume of  the  organ,  or  may  present  the  effect  of  a  full  band.  His  Drums  are  sold  in 


48 


MUSICAL   INSTRUMENT    MANUFACTURE. 


large  quantities  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia  dealers.  lU  is  said  they  cannot  be 
beaten  by  acy  in  the  world.  There  are  two  kinds  of  these,  one  of  which  has  a  patent 
contrivance  for  straining  the  head  of  the  Drum  to  a  uniform  tightness. 


The  Violins  and  Guitars  manufactured  by  Mr.  Bauer,  are  of  a  peculiar  construction. 
The  two  extremities  of  the  body  of  the  instrument  are  so  connected  as  to  increase  its 
strength  beyond  the  old  system,  and  the  sound-board  is  left  perfectly  free  and  elastic 
in  all  its  vibrations.  The  strings  are  so  fastened,  that  a  single  note,  instead  of  appear- 
ing to  come  from  the  string,  with  a  vibration  from  the  sound-board,  is  more  like  a 
gush  of  melody,  poured  forth  from  the  whole  instrument.  It  gives  forth  sounds 
deeper,  richer,  and  prolonged  into  more  voluptuous  strains,  the  first  time  it  is  struck, 
than  the  old  instruments  of  former  years.  The  Guitar  can  be  traced  far  into  antiquity. 
The  name  itself  is  derived  from  the  Greek.  It  is  one  of  the  most  touching  and  in- 
spiring instruments ;  and  aroHnd  it  is  woven  a  net-work  of  tender  associations,  which 
belong  to  the  history  of  love  and  passion  in  moonlit  hours,  from  grove  and  river's 
bank,  and  castled  balcony ;  from  the  cold  North  in  its  genial  summer  season ;  and  the 
purple  South,  where  the  arctic  winter  never  comes,  and  the  light  of  the  tropics  blushes 
eternally. 

During  the  few  years  that  Mr.  Bauer  has  been  engaged  in  business  in  this  country, 
he  has  received  Medals  in  Gold,  in  Silver  and  Bronze,  from  State,  County,  and 
United  States  Fairs.  He  is  winning  a  repiitation  in  his  business  which  entitles  him 
to  implicit  confidence  ;  so  that  in  the  purchase,  the  sale,  or  the  exchange  of  one  Mu- 
sical Instrument  for  another,  or  in  procuring  any  Musical  Instrument  which  can  be 
had  in  the  world,  he  can  be  safely  confided  in ;  for  his  connections  with  houses  in 
Berlin,  Leipsic,  Dresden,  Paris,  and  other  places  in  Europe,  are  such  as  to  enable  him 
to  produce  them  in  the  shortest  time,  and  at  the  lowest  prices.  His  Music  Store  is 


STAINED    GLASS.  49 

one  of  the  most  attractive  spots  in  this  city  for  the  lovers  of  this  elegant  art,  which 
has  thrown  its  enchantments  over  the  homes  of  the  refined  and  the  cultivated  classes 
of  every  nation,  and  which  seems  destined  to  command  in  this  country  a  wide,  if  not 
a  universal  influence. 


STAINED  GLASS. 


THE  origin  of  this  beautiful  art  is  lost  in  the  dimness  of  antiquity.  It  has  been 
much  revived  of  late  years.  It  loses  more  than  any  other  branch  of  pictorial 
representations,  by  detracting  of  color.  The  public  taste  has  become,  of  late,  much 
directed  towards  the  chromatic  decorations  of  interiors,  both  in  churches  and  in  pri- 
vate houses.  It  is,  however,  the  fashion  for  a  certain  class  of  writers,  to  decry  all 
attempts  of  modern  art  to  reproduce  the  stained  glass  of  the  middle  ages.  It  is  some- 
times even  asserted,  that  we  no  longer  possess  the  secrets  of  the  rich  colors,  whose 
unladed  glories  still  dye  the  light-beams  from  the  oriel  of  old  churches  of  the  time  of 
the  eleventh  century.  Such  assertions  can  be  founded  only  in  ignorance  of  the 
resources  of  modern  chemistry,  whose  list  of  metallic  oxides,  capable  of  producing  any 
tint  of  the  spectrum,  was  never  so  complete,  nor  so  fully  under  the  control  of  the 
operator,  as  at  the  present  moment.  If  we  have  failed  to  equal  the  compositions  of 
the  masters  of  former  ages,  it  is  because  modern  artists  of  equal  talent  have  thought 
it  is  not  worth  their  while  to  engage  in  an  occupation,  which  by  some  strange  perver- 
sion, has  been  considered  as,  in  some  degree,  unworthy  the  attention  of  men  of 
genius.  It  is  quite  time  that  artists  should  abandon  the  silly  notion,  now  quite  too 
prevalant,  that  easel  pictures  in  oil,  and  works  in  marble,  are  the  only  objects  worthy 
of  their  attention,  and  that  all  other  forms  of  art  are,  in  their  nature,  somewhat  rneniaL 
BENVENTJTO  CELLINI  was  not  ashamed  of  the  craft  of  a  goldsmith,  although  he  dared  to 
treat  the  Pope  and  his  Cardinals  with  deserving  contempt.  RAPHAEL  and  MICHAEL 
ANGELO,  and  a  hundred  other  glorious  names,  had  no  fear  of  being  mistaken  for  plas- 
terers, because  they  lay  whole  days  upon  their  backs,  working  up  their  immortal 
designs  in  fresco,  \ipon  the  very  mortar  which  their  own  artistic  hands  had  spread. 
It  is  not  easy  to  say  why  an  artist  is  not  as  worthily  employed  in  decorating  a  set  of 
porcelain  with  original  designs  —  in  producing  his  effects  in  colored  glass,  or  in  mod- 
elling the  forms  of  beauty  for  whatever  purpose,  as  when  he  is  starving  behind  a 
canvas. 

We  have  in  our  own  age  —  in  our  own  city,  if  not  a  Michael  Angelo,  yet  one,  who 

7 


50  STAINED    GLASS. 

possesses  the  genius  of  the  artist,  and  the  skill  of  the  artisan,  found  in  one  and  the 
same  person ;  which  is  congenial  with  the  practical  spirit  of  the  present  time ;  and 
whose  useful  results  are  applicable  to  the  wants  of  our  present  life.  That  man  is  Mr. 
ROBERT  CAESE,  whose  place  of  business  is  at  number  16-i  Clark  Street,  opposite 
the  Custom  House.  During  a  recent  visit  to  his  rooms,  we  were  made  acquainted 
with  the  process  employed  in  modern  times  of  Staining  Glass.  After  the  figure 
to  be  put  upon  the  plate  is  drawn  upon  paper,  and  painted  as  desired,  it  is  trans- 
ferred to  receive  it.  This  has  to  be  done  with  artistic  skill,  equal  to  that  employed 
upon  an  oil  painting,  and  requires  much  more  care  in  its  execution.  In  transferring 
fruits  and  flower  pieces,  all  the  delicate  tints  of  the  object  must  be  copied  with  the 
greatest  nicety.  The  glass  is  then  put  into  a  kiln,  and  submitted  to  a  heat  almost 
sufficient  to  fuse  it,  which  not  only  has  the  effect  to  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
painting,  but  makes  it  a  part  of  the  glass  itself,  no  power  being  able  to  remove  it.  Mr. 
Carse  was  the  leading  artist  in  this  business  in  Hew  York  City  for  a  period  of  thirty- 
five  years ;  for  the  last  five  years  he  has  been  a  resident  of  Chicago,  during  which 
time  he  has  executed  works  of  art,  in  Stained  Glass,  which  will  long  exist  as  memen- 
tos of  his  genius,  and  skill.  As  some  of  the  more  leading  ones,  we  may  refer  to  St. 
James  Church,  Trinity,  St.  Patrick's,  Church  of  the  Holy  Family,  and  more  recently 
the  Cathedral  at  Dubuque,  Iowa.  One  of  the  surest  indications  of  advancing  civiliza- 
tion, is  the  increased  taste  directed  toward  the  chromatic  decorations  of  interiors,  both 
in  churches  and  in  private  houses.  The  place  of  worship  does  not  demand  a  profusion 
of  ornament.  But  so  far  as  the  ability  of  the  worshipers  goes,  if  it  is  accompanied 
with  good  taste,  it  may  enrich  the  house  of  God  with  architectural  decorations  with 
little  danger  of  carrying  the  thing  too  far.  "  It  is  one  of  the  affectations  of  architects," 
says  a  late  writer,  Ruskin — Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture  —  "to  speak  of  over- 
charged ornament.  Ornament  cannot  be  over-charged  if  it  be  good,  but  it  is  always 
over-charged  when  it  is  bad."  The  ancient  Temple  stands  forever  as  the  divine 
sanction  of  the  adornment  of  the  place  of  worship ;  and  until  the  historical  account 
which  the  Old  Testament  gives  of  the  wealth  of  cedar  and  gold,  which  went  into  its 
construction  is  proved  to  be  a  myth,  all  the  talk,  so  prevalent,  about  the  abuse  and 
wrong  of  building  costly  churches,  must  be  accounted  as  worthy  of  notice  as  the 
complaint  against  Mary  for  breaking  her  alabaster  box  of  precious  ointment  on  the 
Savior's  head.  The  ointment  might  have  been  sold  and  given  to  the  poor,  undoubt- 
edly, as  Judas  intimated.  And  so  the  gold  lavished  on  the  temple  might  have  been 
used  in  some  other  way.  But  God  chose  to  have  them  both  used  as  they  were,  and 
if  any  one  is  disposed  to  blame  the  costliness  of  the  temple,  or  of  the  churches  of  our 
day,  let  him  remember  that  he  blames  God  more  than  he  does  man.  The  sin,  if  any, 
is  not  in  building  expensive  churches,  but  in  not  so  building  them  that  the  poor,  as 
well  as  the  rich  can  have  the  benefit  of  them.  There  is  abundant  room  for  decoration 
in  the  house  of  God.  He  who  accepted  the  ancient  Temple,  delighted  in  it  and  most 
gloriously  manifested  his  presence  there,  will  never  forbid  our  utmost  adornment  of 


HARDWARE    AND    CUTLERY.  51 

the  humbler  structures  which  we  dedicate  to  his  praise,  if  only  it  be  done  aright. 
The  gorgeousness  of  gold  is  not  too  good.  t  The  cunning  skill  in  mingling  hues  is 
not  misplaced.  It  is  quite  a  mistake,  as  some  suppose,  that  a  great  amount  of  light  is 
needful  in  a  church.  Milton  did  not  use  the  expression,  "dim  religious  light,"  with- 
out good  reason.  Our  religous  emotions  seen  to  shun  the  glare  of  the  unsubdued 
light.  Every  one  must  be  sensible  that  the  shadows  of  evening,  or  the  grey  dawn  of 
the  morning,  are  far 'more  likely  to  induce  serious  thought  and  devout  feeling,  than  is 
the  garish,  full-orbed  day.  On  this  account  the  employment  of  colored  glass,  though 
liable  to  abuse,  is  not  to  be  indiscriminately  condemned,  as  it  often  has  been.  We  are 
glad  to  notice  the  growing  taste  for  this  department  of  church  embellishment.  All 
persons  who  take  an  interest  in  this  art,  should  find  time  to  visit  the  store  of  Mr. 
Carse,  at  164  Clark  Street. 


HAEDWAEE  AND  CUTLERY, 


THE  term  Hardware,  is  one  of  those  indefinite,  comprehensive  nouns  of  multitude, 
of  which  it  may  be  said  that  it  almost  includes,  as  its  name  imports,  every  ware 
that  is  hard.  Popularly,  it  is  understood  to  embrace  all  the  various  manufactures  of 
Iron,  Steel  and  Brass,  including  all  the  different  appendages  of  the  Mechanic  Arts, 
from  a  file  to  a  locomotive ;  many  of  the  details  of  common  life,  from  a  needle  to  a 
sewing  machine,  articles  as  varied  in  appearance,  size  and  use,  as  can  well  be 
conceived. 

By  Cutlery,  is  understood  to  mean  Steel  manufactured  into  different  varieties  of 
Pocket-Knives,  Table-knives  and  Forks,  Butcher-Knives,  etc.,  of  the  various  styles  of 
which  articles  there  is  an  almost  infinite  variety. 

In  view  of  the  almost  endless  number  of  articles  which  come  under  the  general 
head  of  Hardware,  the  utmost  that  we  shall  be  able  to  accomplish,  is  to  lay  before  our 
readers  the  state  of  the  business  in  the  leading  branches,  and  tile  character,  mercantile 
reputation,  and  business  facilities  of  the  firm  who  most  fully  represents  this  important 
branch  of  commerce  in  the  City  of  Chicago. 

Of  the  eighteen  or  twenty  Hardware  and  Cutlery  establishments  of  this  city,  both 
Wholesale  and  Retail,  there  is  none  of  whom  we  can  speak  in  higher  terms,  and  with 
more  confidence,  than  that  of  MB.  EDWIN  HUNT,  located  at  No.  84-  LAKE  STREET, 
nearly  opposite  the  Tremont  House. 

Mr.  Hunt  came  from  Birmingham,  England,  in  the  year  1833,  and  established  him- 


tIBRAP- 


52  HARDWARE    AND    CUTLERY. 

self  in  the  Hardware  trade  in  New  York  City.  From  that  time,  he  has  always  been 
an  extensive  Importer  of  English  and  German  Hardware,  and  has  also  dealt  largely 
in  Hardware  of  domestic  manufacture. 

In  1848,  he  opened  a  branch  store  in  Chicago,  which  was  carried  on  for  some  years 
under  an  agency ;  but  the  business  becoming  larger  than  was  at  first  anticipated,  and 
finding  it  would  be  advantageous  to  take  personal  supervision  of  the  same,  he  removed 
to  this  city,  and  has  since  then  extended  his  business  until  it  h'as  become  second  to 
that  of  no  house  of  a  similar  kind  in  the  North-West.  He  still  retains  an  office  in 
New  York  City,  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  his  goods  on  the  best  terms  from  the 
various  manufacturers  scattered  throughout  the  Eastern  States. 

Formerly,  nearly  every  article  of  Hardware  used  in  the  United  States  was  imported 
from  Europe,  but  within  the  last  thirty  years,  a  great  revolution  has  taken  place  in 
the  trade  of  this  country  with  Europe.  Manufactories  of  Hardware  have  sprung  up 
in  this  country,  which,  under  a  heavy  protective  tariff,  have  succeeded  in  a  great  meas- 
ure in  supplanting  the  foreign  made  goods,  the  American  article  having  attained  a 
very  fair  character. 

In  some  tools  for  working  in  wood,  of  which  branch  of  Hardware  Mr.  Hunt  keeps 
the  largest  and  best  selected  supply  of  any  house  in  Chicago,  the  English  makers  have 
the  preference.  Every  mechanic  knows  that  Mr.  S.  Butcher's  Chisels,  and  Spear  & 
Jackson's  Saws,  are  better  than  those  of  any  other  manufacturer. 

The  Axes,  Augers,  Hatchets  and  Hammers  that  are  made  here  are  decidedly  better 
than  any  that  can  be  imported,  and  when  we  contrast  them  with  those  that  were  made 
and  used  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  ago,  we  feel  highly  gratified  with  the  advance- 
ment we  have  made,  and  are  fully  convinced  that  in  a  few  more  years,  nearly  all  the 
tools  made  in  England  will  be  reproduced  here,  of  such  superior  styles  and  quality 
that  we  shall  not  be  under  the  necessity  of  purchasing  outside  our  own  country. 

One  of  the  leading  articles  in  Mr.  Hunt's  trade,  an  article  which  he  imports  to  a 
very  large  amount  every  year,  is  Sheffield  Cutlery,  so  famous  throughout  the  world 
for  its  superior  quality,  style  and  finish.  The  best  makes  of  Pocket  Cutlery  come 
from  Sheffield,  made  by  the  following  celebrated  manufacturers :  "  Geo.  "Wostenhohn 
&  Sons,"  "Kodgers  &  Sons,"  "W.  &  S.  Butcher,"  "Thomas  Turner,"  and  others;  a 
stock  of  which  goods,  as  varied  in  styles  and  prices  as  can  well  be  imagined,  can 
always  be  seen  on  the  well-stocked  shelves  of  Mr.  Hunt. 

Of  Table  Knives  and  Forks,  the  importations  are  still  large,  though  a  very  good 
article  is  made  in  this  country,  by  "  J.  Russell  &  Co.,"  and  by  "  Samson,  Goodnow  & 
Co.,"  of  Connecticut. 

In  Files  and  Rasps,  the  manufactures  of  this  country  have  never  succeeded  in  pro- 
ducing any  that  will  compete  with  those  from  the  celebrated  works  of  Messrs.  "W.  & 
S.  Butcher,"  of  Sheffield,  which  have  been  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  for  the  last 
twenty-five  years,  during  which  time  Mr.  Hunt  has  imported  them  regularly,  and  they 
have  always  sold  in  preference  to  those  of  any  other  manufacture. 


LINE   ENGRAVING.  53 

In  Mr.  Hunt's  store  we  find  Circular  Saws  of  the  celebrated  manufacture  of  "  "Welch 
&  Griffiths,"  of  all  sizes,  from  a  Saw  of  three  inches  in  diameter,  to  a  monster  Saw 
not  less  than  five  feet  in  diameter. 

Of  the  thousands  of  different  articles  which  Mr.  Hunt  keeps  for  sale,  we  have  enu- 
merated above  a  few  only ;  but  to  those  who  want  to  purchase  any  article  of  Hard- 
ware, we  can  only  say,  go  to  Hunt's,  at  84  Lake  Street,  and  you  will  find  it  there. 

We  take  pleasure  in  speaking  of  this  as  one  of  the  representative  mercantile  firms 
of  this  proud  Metropolis  of  the  "West ;  for  during  the  last  thirty  years,  Mr.  Hunt  has 
transacted  his  business  upon  such  principles  of  uprightness  and  integrity,  that  none 
have  had  reason  to  complain,  and  all  that  have  had  any  dealings  with  him  have  confi- 
dence in  his  word  as  to  the  quality  of  his  goods,  and  know  that  he  sells  as  low  as  the 
lowest. 

His  place  of  business  is  84  LAKE  STREET. 


LINE  ENGRAVING, 


THIS  is  the  general  term  for  the  process  of  engraving  on  the  two  metals  commonly 
employed — Copper  and  Steel.  It  is  the  highest  style  of  engraving,  of  which  but 
few  men  attain  to  eminence.  The  common  impression  that  genius  is  independent  of 
circumstances  and  surroundings,  and  that  a  first-class  artist  may  spring  up  any  wh'ere, 
and,  irrespective  of  his  age  and  nation,  blaze  out  in  glorious  beauty,  is  a  great  error. 
There  are  indeed  a  few  noble  souls  so  richly  endowed  that  they  will  shoot  far  ahead 
of  their  cotemporaries  and  will  so  earnestly  cast  about  for  the  means  of  sustenance 
and  growth,  that  they  flourish,  rich  and  vigorous,  where  others  starve.  Such  a  one 
we  name  as  an  illustration  of  the  truthfulness  of  our  position.  In  referring  to  Mr. 
Thomas  J.  Day,  the  successor  of  the  late  J.  J.  O'Shannessy,  Bank  Note  Engraver; 
whose  place  of  business  is  at  No.  40  Dearborn  Street,  opposite  the  Tremont  House, 
we  only  say  of  him,  what  a  generous  public  sentiment  have  long  since  awarded  —  he 
stands  in  the  very  front  rank  of  his  profession. 

Nothing  great  is  ever  produced  until  the  popular  thought  and  heart  set  toward  it, 
and  get  ready  to  welcome  its  advent.  Therefore,  art  appears  in  fair  development, 
only  where  popular  taste  and  public  appreciation  foster  art-talent,  encourage  artistic 
genius,  and  reward  the  artist's  toil.  Such  has  become  the  popular  feeling  in  regard 
to  line  engraving,  and  the  peculiar  branches  of  this  art  which  Mr.  Day  represents, 


54  LINE   ENGRAVING. 

and  excels  in.  So  great  has  become  the  demand  for  the  elegant  and  chaste  engraved 
Marriage,  Invitation  and  Visiting  Cards,  that  Mr.  Day  has  found  it  necessary  to 
remove  to  a  location  more  convenient  for  his  numerous  patrons,  and  extend  his  facili- 
ties to  meet  all  demands.  Inscriptions  on  Jewelry  and  Silver-Ware,  also  Silver 
Plated  Door  and  Number  Plates,  and  all  kinds  of  Stencil  Brands,  forms  a  very 
important  branch  of  his  business. 

The  old  method  of  copper-plate  engraving  in  general  use  when  the  demand  for 
impressions  was  comparatively  limited,  has  nearly  fallen  into  desuetude.  Softened 
steel  has  set  it  aside,  and  its  glory  is  as  the  glory  that  has  departed.  When  the  cop- 
per-plate with  careful  handling,  will  yield  only  a  few  thousand  impressions,  without 
retouching,  the  number  of  impressions  which  the  steel  plate  can  multiply  is  positively 
illimitable.  Mr.  Day's  patrons  are  not  confined  to  the  limits  of  Chicago,  but 
extend  throughout  the  North- West.  His  promptness,  integrity  and  high  artistic  merit 
secure  for  him  patrons  wherever  his  name  is  known. 

In  a  Marriage,  Visiting,  or  Invitation  Card,  there  often  is  a  power,  a  mysterious 
influence  exerted  over  the  mind,  that  causes  a  thousand  pleasing  and  varied  associa- 
tions to  rush  upon  the  fancy.  We  have  often  gone  into  this  establishment,  and  when 
we  saw  parcel  after  parcel  dispatched  by  express  to  distant  quarters,  and  by  the  post 
boy  through  the  city  ;  we  have  thought  what  fountains  of  joy  or  grief  will  these 
little  white-winged  messengers  of  power  open  in  the  hearts  of  those  who  read  them. 
Some,  with  a  few  words  added  in  pencil,  will  record  the  rapturous  emotions  of  recip- 
rocated love ;  some  will  carry  messages  of  sadness  that  will  cover  life's  pilgrimage 
with  gloom ;  some  will  announce  that  a  new  being  has  burst  joyfully  upon  creation, 
to  begin  its  endless  career ;  some  that  warm  and  generous  hearts  are  being  united  in 
the  holy  bonds  of  wedlock  ;  some  to  summon  to  the  festive  scene,  and  others  to  the 
bed  of  death ;  each  hath  its  mission  to  fulfill  —  the  more  elegantly  engraved,  the 
higher  the  art-style,  the  more  impressive.  Therefore  the  greater  need  of  employing 
an  Artist  who  is  master  of  his  profession. 


AMERICAN  LITERATURE. 


WHEN  Edmund  Burke,  the  wisest  statesman  and  the  greatest  political  philosopher 
that  the  world  has  yet  seen,  drew  in  the  British  House  of  Commons,  his  famous 
word-painting  of  the  future  grandeur  and  prosperity  of  the  American  Colonies,  his 
short-sighted  and  time-serving  cotemporaries,  aided  by  superficial  buffoons  and  satirists, 
caricatured  that  lyrical  prophesy,  which  time  has  more  than  verified  !  If  we  could 
now,  as  he  did  then,  imprint  upon  our  minds  a  picture  of  the  wealth,  culture,  and 
prosperity  of  our  country,  as  it  shall  be  seventy -five  or  a  hundred  years  hence,  and 
could  describe  it  with  Burke's  matchless  eloquence  and  inspiration,  our  English  haters, 
doubtless,  would  ridicule  our  language,  as  their  wise  predecessors,  on  a  former  occa- 
sion, did  the  glowing  predictions  of  "  that  prodigy  of  nature  and  acquisition."  But, 
what  fates  decree  man  cannot  alter ;  and  that  our  destiny  as  a  Nation  is  incalcu- 
lably splendid,  the  most  superficial  must  perceive.  Our  physical  power,  our  sources 
of  wealth,  luxury,  and  happy  independence  (save  the  temporary  cloud  that  darkens 
our  horizon)  are  too  well  developed  to  need  illustration ;  but  there  is  yet  a  noble  field 
—  the  mental  one  —  the  National  culture  of  which  is  but  in  its  infancy.  Yet  that 
infancy  is  expanding,  and  developing,  with  a  power  hitherto  unknown.  The  Ameri- 
cans are  a  reading  people.  If  intellectual  superiority  is  not  a  qualification  that  entitles 
one  to  respect,  ignorance  is  surely  among  the  numerous  misfortunes  regarded  with 
mingled  pity  and  contempt.  And  it  matters  not  how  active  may  be  the  business 
pursuits  of  an  American,  he  carries  with  him  wherever  he  wanders,  a  love  for  ediica- 
tion  and  enlightenment.  In  the  camp,  upon  the  battle-field,  wherever  he  settles,  in 
the  fastnesses  of  the  wilderness,  or  on  the  wide  prairies,  among  the  first  erected  objects 
of  his  enterprise  will  be  found  that  peculiar  trinity  of  civilization  —  the  church,  the 
school-house  and  the  press.  And  it  matters  not  that  his  residence  may  be  a  log  cabin, 
or  a  modern  palace ;  the  Bible  will  be  found  in  his  parlor,  and  a  periodical  and  news- 
paper on  his  breakfast  table,  and  in  his  pocket.  The  great  and  increasing  demand  for 
literature,  in  a  cheap  form,  is  daily  becoming  more  obvious.  In  order  to  meet  the 
wants  of  that  demand,  Depots  or  Stores  are  opened,  exclusively  for  the  sale  of  Periodi- 
cals, cheap  literature,  and  Newspapers,  from  far  and  near ;  newspapers  big  and  little, 
newspapers  daily  and  weekly ;  newspapers  comic,  and  newspapers  serious ;  newspa- 
pers political,  and  newspapers  religious;  newspapers  illustrating  every  event  of 


56  AMERICAN  LITERATURE. 

interest ;  newspapers  of  all  characters  and  opinions ;  newspapers  without  number,  we 
had  almost  said  may  be  found  at  these  Depots.  As  an  illustration  of  this  fact,  we 
would  invite  the  reader  of  this  article  to  visit  WALSH'S  NEWSPAPER  AND  PERIODICAL 
DEPOT,  on  the  corner  of  Madison  Street  and  Post-Office  Place.  From  early  morning 
till  late  at  night,  it  presents  a  scene  of  activity,  such  as  is  rarely  witnessed  in  any 
other  place  of  trade  in  this  city.  .For  here  may  be  found  every  publication  which  is 
issued  from  the  press  in  a  cheap  form.  The  scholar,  the  professional  man,  the  mer- 
chant, the  soldier  of  the  camp,  the  citizen,  and  the  man  of  humble  means,  may  all 
alike,  be  seen  here  in  pursuit  of  the  last  publication,  or  the  latest  news  —  news  from 
both  hemispheres.  "Walsh  is  a  live  representative  man,  he  has  been  educated  in,  and 
for  this  business.  Few  men  have  we  ever  known,  better  adapted  to  its  management. 
His  arrangements  are  such  with  eastern  publication  firms,  that  every  popular  work, 
magazine,  and  newspaper,  which  is  thrown  from  the  press,  reaches  his  store  as  soon 
thereafter  as  steam  can  convey  it.  His  facilities  enable  him  to  supply  the  trade,  to  a 
great  extent,  as  he  is  doing  in  almost  every  interior  town  in  the  North-West.  Ke- 
cently,  Mr.  "Walsh  has  made  an  addition  to  his  store,  by  which  he  is  enabled  to  keep 
every  article  of  Stationery,  and  many  other  articles  usually  kept  by  leading  Book 
Stores.  He  may  well  be  called  a  representative  man  in  this  comparatively  new 
branch  of  literature,  for  no  other  man  in  the  North- West  has  ever  equaled  him. 

It  is  about  ten  years  since  Edward  Furner  established  the  first  Periodical  Depot  in 
Chicago,  the  business  at  that  time  amounting  to  about  two  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 
So  rapid  has  been  the  increase,  that  at  the  present  time  there  are  probably  half  a 
million  daily  papers,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  weekly  papers,  besides  the 
magazines  sold  in  this  city  weekly.  The  business  employe  a  capital  of  only  about 
$25,000,  as  this  amount  is  turned  over  in  the  trade  nearly  every  week.  There  are 
four  principal  firms  engaged  in  the  business,  who  make  it  their  speciality  to  supply 
New  Books,  Periodicals,  Newspapers,  etc.,  to  the  country  trade,  besides  nearly  one 
hundred  smaller  dealers  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  Mr.  Walsh,  who  stands  pre- 
eminent in  this  line  of  trade,  supplies  over  two  hundred  and  fifty  agents.  He  also 
deals  extensively  in  Patriotic  papers  and  Envelopes,  Prints,  Pictorials,  Maps,  Charts, 
etc.,  also  every  variety  of  Stationery.  He  supplies  to  order,  any  book,  new  or  old. 
All  new  books  are  received  as  soon  as  issued  and  supplied  to  the  trade  at  publishers' 
prices,  adding  only  charges  for  transportation. 


INTERIOR  DECORATION, 


TNTERIOR  Decoration  has  been  prac- 
J_  ticed  in  different  countries  from  the 
most  remote  period,  and  it  has  assumed  na- 
tional and  marked  characteristics,  as  among 
the  Egyptians,  Assyrians,  Hindoos,  Chi- 
nese, Greeks,  Romans,  and  Saracens. 
From  the  greater  freedom  of  intercourse  in 
later  periods,  the  peculiarities  of  the  art 
have  been  less  decidedly  pronounced,  yet 
there  has  always  been  in  each  style  suffi- 
cient to  render  it  national  and  unique ;  as 
the  Eenaissance,  and  the  Arabesque.  The 
latter,  whose  suitability  to  modern  times 
has  caused  it  to  be  so  widely  diffused,  was 
commenced  and  invented  by  Ludius,  a  pain- 
ter of  the  time  of  Augustus  Caesar.  The  ex- 
quisite Frescoes  of  the  Bath  of  Titus,  buried  for  centuries  in  the  devastations  of  the 
Roman  wars,  were  resuscitated  in  the  sixteenth  century ;  and  the  sight  of  them  re- 
vived the  style  of  the  Arabesque,  which  was  brought  out  and  perfected  by  the  prince 
of  painters,  Eaffael  d'Urbino. 

Greece  and  Italy  have  been  foremost  in  all  the  arts  of  design,  and  the  ornaments  of 
their  dwellings  and  public  buildings  have  remained  as  examples  and  authorities  of 
taste,  down  to  oar  own  age.  The  Greeks  carried  the  arts  into  Italy,  and  the  paintings 
at  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum  are  the  works  of  Greek  artists.  The  Italian  houses  are 
still  decorated,  from  the  abode  of  the  artisan  to  the  palace  of  the  noble.  Germany,  in 
the  present  day,  is  following  Italy  in  Interior  Decoration,  and  has  produced  some  of 
the  finest  works  of  modern  times,  under  the  patronage  and  direction  of  Louis  I.,  ex- 
King  of  Bavaria. 

In  England,  where  wealth  might  be  expected  to  minister  to  taste,  the  upholsterer, 
not  the  artist,  is  consulted  by  the  nobility ;  there  is  therefore  abundance  of  paper  and 
gilding,  but  little  art,  or  genuine  taste,  in  the  disposition  of  ornament  in  English 

8 


58  INTERIOR   DECORATIONS. 

mansions.  New  York  and  some  other  large  cities  in  the  United  States  bid  fair  to 
surpass  London. 

Among  the  cheerful  evidences  of  increasing  refinement  and  taste  among  our  people, 
is  the  constantly  increasing  attention  being  given  to  the  art-decorations  of  the  better 
class  of  our  dwellings,  churches,  educational  and  other  public  edifices.  Blank,  bare, 
unmeaning  walls,  or  walls  covered  with  crudely  designed  paper  hangings,  are  begin- 
ning to  be  looked  upon  as  an  eye-sore  and  a  deformity,  by  the  more  intelligent  portion 
of  the  community ;  multitudes  of  whom,  since  the  rapid  transit  across  the  ocean,  by 
means  of  weekly  lines  of  steamers,  is  secured  beyond  peradventure,  are  taking  up, 
temporarily,  their  sojourn  in  the  elegant  capitals  of  Europe,  catching  glimpses  of  the 
art-glories  that  have  cost  ages  of  development  to  produce.  These  glimpses  are  rap- 
idly transmitted  into  the  elements  of  a  higher  taste,  and  a  desire  to  see  reproduced  in 
our  own  country  and  our  own  homes,  similar  creations.  The  result  of  this  shows  itself 
in  the  great  attention  very  generally  paid,  especially  in  our  own  cities,  to  the  styles 
and  designs  that  are  to  adorn  the  walls  of  the  Heaven  of  ffome,  where  every  form 
must  daily  meet  the  eye,  turn  as  it  may,  and  where  beauty  and  harmony  of  spirit  too 
often  become  fatally  aifected  by  discordant  surroundings.  Hitherto  we  have  been 
obliged,  in  this  country,  to  employ  the  foreign  artists  to  do  all  this  kind  of  work.  It 
has  grown  to  be  a  mania  with  many  men  of  wealth  in  the  large  cities  of  America,  to 
secure  foreign  architects  and  artists,  who  too  often  are  obstinate  second-rate  copyists 
of  inferior  ideas  and  designs,  to  erect  our  dwellings  and  our  grandest  public  edifices. 
We  have  been  led  to  this  expression  of  a  well-considered  conviction,  from  an  extended 
examination  of  the  various  specimens  of  Fresco  Paintings  which  have  been  executed 
in  this  city,  among  which  those  of  Messrs.  JEVNE  &  ALMINI  take  a  prominent 
position. 

"We  take  pleasure  in  referring  to  several  buildings,  where  interior  decorations  are  in 
Fresco,  the  work  of  these  two  Artists ;  among  which  we  may  mention  Trinity 
Church ;  First  Presbyterian ;  "Wabash  Avenue  Methodist  Church  ;  the  palatial  resi- 
dences of  T.  King,  Esq.,  on  Michigan  Avenue ;  B.  F.  Haddock,  Esq. ;  the  Sherman 
Plouse,  and  many  others. 

Messrs.  Jevne  and  Almini  have  been  residents  of  Chicago  for  the  last  nine  years, 
during  which  time  they  have  inculcated  and  infused  a  higher  love  of  Fresco  Painting. 

We  wish  we  could  announce  the  more  rapid  progress  of  Frescoe  Painting,  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  the  arts  for  interior  decorations.  But  as  wealth  is  flowing  in  upon  us 
as  to  no  other  nation  on  the  globe,  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that  our  enterprise  and  suc- 
cessful efforts  in  arts  are  acknowledged  on  all  hands.  In  an  incredibly  short  space  of 
time,  we  have  subdued  almost  a  continent  of  wilderness,  filled  the  cultivated  country 
with  villages  and  cities,  and  all  the  forms  of  human  industry,  and  obtained  reputation 
by  some  of  the  most  important  practical  inventions  which  any  people  have  produced. 
It  was  naturally  to  be  expected,  that  the  Fine  Arts  would  have  a  slender  growth ; 
coming,  if  at  all,  after  nearly  everything  else  was  perfected.  Tet  in  these,  as  in  what- 


INTERIOR   DECORATIONS.  59 

ever  else  is  of  the  physical  or  intellectual  life  of  man,  the  American  mind  has  shown 
its  capacity.  We  believe  the  time  has  now  come  in  this  country,  when  labor  is  to 
be  expended  on. ideal  conceptions;  that  the  forms  which  arise  to  the  gifted  in  the 
"  stillness  of  musings,"  shall  find,  through  intense  and  long  effort,  "  a  local  habitation 
and  a  name."  There  is  at  least  genius  and  desire  enough ;  it  only  remains  for  the 
people  of  this  country  to  give  sufficient  encouragement ;  and  we  think  that  this,  also, 
is  in  a  measure  being  afforded  —  in  a  word,  that  the  era  of  Art  is  beginning  on  the 
"Western  Continent.  Yet  we  are  surprised,  and  it  is  greatly  to  be  regretted,  that  cul- 
tivated Americans,  who  enjoy  the  luxury  of  art  abroad,  should  be  content  with  white- 
washed walls  at  home. 

"We  regret  to  say,  that  there  are  but  few  mansions  of  the  opulent  in  Chicago  whose 
walls  are  embellished  with  Frescoe;  that  highest  style  of  paintmg,  in  which  RAPHAEL 
achieved  much  of  his  reputation  ;  and  Michael  Angelo  himself  has  been  as  extensively 
known,  perhaps,  as  the  author  of  "The  Last  Judgment,"  and  "The  Creation,"  both 
of  which  were  in  the  Sistine  Chapel. 

There  are  palatial  residences  in  this  city,  whose  Interior  Decorations,  we  are  proud 
to  say,  are  from  the  pencil  of  our  own  Artists,  Messrs.  J  evne  &  Almini ;  yet  we  sup- 
pose there  are  very  few  of  the  "  Lords  of  these  Mansions,"  who  would  not  regard  the 
application  of  a  stranger  to  be  allowed  to  see  their  embellishments,  as  a  piece  of  impu- 
dence —  while  everybody  knows  that  all  over  Europe,  it  is  expected  that  the  fortunate 
possessor  of  an  exquisite  work  of  art,  or  taste,  in  Fresco,  will  at  all  proper  hours 
allow  visitors  to  see  it.  There  is  not  a  royal  palace  on  the  Continent  whose  doors  are 
not  thrown  open,  whenever  convenience  will  allow,  for  strangers  to  inspect  the  works 
of  art  which  adorn  them.  It  will  be  so  here  as  soon  as  our  standard  of  taste  has  been 
far  enough  elevated  for  strangers  of  culture  to  make  such  applications.  As  it  is  now, 
a  man  of  taste  can  have  no  motive  for  going  through  a  magnificent  house.  He  sees 
nothing  but  gaudy  and  expensive  furniture  —  rooms  lumbered  up  with  mahogany  or 
rosewood,  with  velvet-cushioned  chairs  and  sofas,  blazing  carpets,  curtains  and  drapery, 
with,  perhaps,  a  few  contemptible  daitbs  by  men  who  paint  such  things,  either  because 
they  dream  that  they  are  artists,  or  because  they  can  make  more  money  by  humbug- 
ging rich  men  than  by  painting  signs  or  barns,  or  wood-houses.  There  are  a  few 
exceptions,  and  we  might  mention  them ;  and  it  would  be  with  a  sentiment  of  respect 
we  cannot  feel  except  towards  those  gentlemen  who  devote  a  portion,  at  least,  of  their 
income  to  the  purchase  of  statues  and  pictures,  thereby  showing  that  they  prize  intel- 
lectual and  moral  refinement  higher  than  expensive  furniture,  cashmere  shawls,  fast 
horses,  and  imported  wines,  warranted  pure  Chicago  vintage. 


HAIR  JEWELRY, 


THE  most  powerful  thing,  says  an  Arab  proverb,  is  a  beautiful  woman,  and  as  "a 
thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  forever,"  whether  it  be  on  canvas,  in  the  breathing 
marble,  in  words,  or  of  fancy  undefined  in  the  brain,  which  betrays  something  of  the 
re-creative  power  that  is  within  every  soul  —  whether  it  be  in  the  human  face  and 
form  divine,  or  the  gem  that  decks  the  brow  and  bosom  of  beauty,  and  sparkles  on 
the  lily-white  hand,  it  matters  not,  if  only  a  thing  of  beauty,  'tis  a  joy  forever.  It 
is  forever  thus  with  CAMPBELL'S  productions  of  the  beautiful  jewels  for  the  hair,  jewels 
for  the  bosom,  and  jewels  for  the  hand  —  they  sparkle  in  the  sunbeam,  and  flash  forth 
their  splendor  in  the  gas-light  —  these  gems  of  Hair  Jewelry,  interwoven  with  a 
starry  way  of  brilliants,  or  the  pearl,  that  gem  which  is  interwoven  with  the  pure 
image  of  our  little  eternity  of  time — they  call  into  being  thoughts  and  emotions  of 
affection  —  remembrances  of  husband  or  wife,  lover  or  child,  parents  and  children. 
Who  that  has  gazed  upon  the  hair  wrought  in  many  a  strange  and  artistic  device  — 


HAIR   JEWELRY.  61 

secured  from  the  wavy  ringlets  of  some  beautiful  girl,  or  the  brow  of  the  loved  or  the 
lost,  but  will  cherish  them  as  gerns  of  the  beautiful  forever? 

This  Hair  Jewelry  Store  of  Campbell's,  located  on  Clark  Street,  opposite  the  Court 
House,  has  become  a  place  of  no  inconsiderable  attraction,  for  Campbell's  inventive 
genius  and  artistic  skill  in  works  of  Hair  Jewelry  have  inspired  a  love  for  personal 
embellishment,  which  has  made  it  popular  and  sought  for,  far  more  than  the  flashy 
jewelry,  which  have  no  souvenirs  of  affection  entwined  as  remembrances  of  the  loved 
and  the  lost." 

It  is  only  a  few  years  since  the  first  introduction  of  Hair  Jewelry  as  an  article  of 
commerce.  Now  it  is  sought  for,  and  considered  indispensable  to  every  lady  who 
dresses  fashionably,  and  with  becoming  elegance  and  taste.  There  are  many  workers 
of  Hair  Jewelry,  though  but  few  who  excel  in  artistic  merit  —  in  chasteness  of  style 
—  variety  of  designs,  and  cunningly  wrought  devices.  Campbell  has  made  it  a  life- 
study  ;  he  has  brought  genius,  skill  and  high  intelligence  to  his  aid  in  fashioning  gems 
of  beauty.  He  is  preparing  for  publication,  a  work  treating  on  the  whole  subject  of 
Hair  Jewelry ;  describing  minutely,  in  detail,  the  whole  modus  operandi,  adapted  for 
common  instruction  in  the  art. 

To  those  who  know  the  power  of  Art,  to  educate  and  reform  the  taste  —  the  social 
life  and  character  of  a  people  —  it  has  always  been  a  cause  of  regret  that  the  appre- 
ciation and  enjoyment  of  it  should  have  been  confined  to  the  few  whose  wealth  was 
equal  to  the  purchase  of  its  costly  productions. 

"We  believe  that  art  is  capable  of  accomplishing  all  that  is  claimed  for  it  by  its  most 
enthusiastic  friends,  when  our  life,  in  all  its  pursuits,  is  brought  into  daily  contact  with 
its  productions ;  when  its  works  are  no  longer  a  monopoly,  but  an  every-day  posses- 
ion,  within  the  reach  of  the  mechanic  and  tradesman,  as  well  as  the  opulent  and  noble. 
If  the  beautiful  were  daily  placed  before  us,  surely  our  social  life  could  not  fail  to 
be  ameliorated  and  exalted  by  its  silent  eloqiience.  All  these  elegant  gems  of  art 
manufactured  by  Campbell  come  within  the  reach  of  any  honest,  upright  and  indus- 
trious person.  There  is  no  establishment  of  a  similar  kind  in  the  United  States  that 
will  excel  the  variety  and  beauty  of  Hair  Jewelry,  and  it  must  be  a  dainty  taste  which 
cannot  be  gratified  with  some  object  of  beauty  there. 

"Who  that  has  lost  a  dear  friend,  be  it  husband,  wife,  lover  or  child,  would  not  -be 
made  happier  by  having  a  lock  of  their  hair,  wrought  in  beauty,  encased  in  cunningly 
devised  objects  of  gold,  to  remain  "  a  joy  forever,"  and  treasure  up  as  a  souvenir  in 
the  remembrance  of  the  loved  ? 

There  are  few  Jewelers  in  this  country  so  well  sustained  as  Campbell,  at  No.  81 
Clark  Street. 


PICTURE  FRAMES  AND  LOOKING  GLASSES, 


ON  one  of  those  dreamy  Indian- Summer  afternoons  during  last  autumn,  while 
standing  in  the  elegant  salon  of  one  of  those  palatial  residences,  in  Marble 
Terrace,  Michigan  Avenue,  before  a  grand  French  plate  mirror,  extending  from  the 
ceiling  to  the  floor,  reflecting  the  beauties  of  the  lake  and  sky,  and  looking  more  like 
a  sea  of  glass,  surrounded  by  a  golden  shore,  we  involuntarily  exclaimed,  if  this  be  not 
the  highest  ideal  of  domestic  luxury,  where  shall  wealth  or  fancy  go  to  find  it?  It 
breathed  an  atmosphere  of  refinement  through  the  appartment  it  adorned.  From  the 
crown  to  the  base  it  was  significant  of  beauty.  Along  the  gilded  border,  silver  waters 
were  leaping  —  the  white-sail  yacht  was  dancing  on  the  wave,  where  the  sheen  lies 
shimmering  like  moonlight  on  dream-land.  The  frescoed  walls  hung  with  rare  pictures, 
in  frames  of  artistic  beauty  and  rich  workmanship,  they  bore  unmistakable  marks 
of  having  been  made  by  a  man  of  taste  and  genius,  and  were  in  harmonious  keeping 
with  the  graphic  and  luxurious  pencil  of  the  painter.  "We  sought  out  the  maker  of 
these  frames ;  and  what  promonader  on  Randolph  Street  has  not  lingered  in  front  of 
the  translucent  French  plate  glass  windows  of  HENKY  WIGGERS  to  admire  the  works 
of  art,  in  elegant  frames.  Mr.  "Wiggers  has  studied  picture  frame  making  as  an  art 
of  design ;  he  began  life  as  a  workman  in  the  trade,  and  he  has  thoroughly  mastered 
it ;  he  is  familiar  with  every  stage  of  his  business,  from  the  first  selection  of  appro- 
priate woods,  and  other  materials  for  framing,  up  to  the  study  and  elaboration  of 
pleasing  and  graceful  forms.  Once,  significance  in  artistic  emblems  was  hardly 
thought  of,  but  that  time  has  gone  by  in  this  country.  Now  those  who  manufacture 
anything  to  embellish  domestic  life,  have  a  far  higher  taste  to  administer  to  —  our 
mechanics  are  successful  just  in  proportion  as  they  outstrip  competition  in  knowledge 
and  refinement.  The  road  to  fortune  for  the  manufacturing  world,  in  many  of  its 
great  departments,  lies  through  those  entrancing  regions  of  the  Ideal,  over  which  art 
breathes  the  magic  of  beauty.  Mr.  Wiggers  has  been  engaged  in  this  business,  in  this 
city,  eight  years.  His  manufactory  located  on  South  Wells  Street,  is  driven  by  steam, 
thereby  enabling  him  to  produce  every  article  in  his  line  at  greatly  reduced  rates. 
At  his  finishing  and  gilding  rooms  may  be  seen  the  moulder  in  plaster  model- 
ing forms  of  beauty — then  comes  the  gilder  with  the  leaf  of  gold,  and  warms  it  into 
life,  and  then  the  burnisher,  who  gives  the  gleam  of  beauty.  The  gold  and  silver  leaf 


ARTIFICIAL  TEETH  AND  DENTAL  MATERIALS.  63 

used  by  this  establishment  amounts  to  $3000  annually.  Mr.  "Wiggers  not  only  manu- 
factures frames,  but  has  built  up  an  extensive  jobbing  business,  supplying  mouldings 
in  the  strip.  His  Sale  Rooms  are  located  at  No.  153  Randolph  Street.  There  are 
some  twelve  or  fifteen  Looking  Glass  and  Picture  Frame  manufacturers  in  this  city, 
employing  a  capital  of  about  $50,000,  doing  a  business  of  about  $60,000  annually. 


ARTIFICIAL  TEETH  AND  DENTAL  MATERIALS, 

E  nothing  has  the  astonishing  genius  of  the  present  age  more  signally  exhibited 
tself,  than  in  the  rapid  progress  toward  perfection  in  the  Dental  Art.  The  many 
victories  over  seeming  impossibilities  which  the  genius  of  invention  has  achieved  dur- 
ing the  present  century,  have  been  the  theme  of  philosophers,  orators,  and  poets.  In 
1818,  or  thereabouts,  some  experiments  were  made  in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain 
teeth.  It  was  not  until  after  1830,  that  any  considerable  progress  was  made ;  all  the 
teeth  made  previous  to  that  time  being  very  unsightly  in  color  and  shape,  and  unlike 
natural  teeth.  From  that  time  to  the  present,  the  march  of  improvement  has  been 
steady.  One  after  another,  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  imitation  of  the  natural 
organs  have  been  surmounted,  until  it  would  seem  that  in  point  of  strength,  beauty 
of  finish  and  perfect  resemblance  to  nature  in  form,  color  and  surface,  as  well  as  in  the 
almost  endless  varieties  of  shape  and  style,  and  the  ease  with  which  they  can  be  adapted 
to  the  great  variety  of  cases  which  present  themselves,  there  is  little  to  be  desired. 

Originally  the  human  teeth  were  used,  also  calves,  and  sheeps  teeth  ;  next  ivory,  or 
teeth  carved  from  the  tusk  of  the  Hippopotamus.  Fifty  years  ago  there  was  not  a 
porcelain  tooth  made  in  this  country.  Twenty  years  ago  not  more  than  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  were  manufactured  annually  in  the  United  States,  and  but  a  trifling 
number  in  Europe.  Since  then  the  demand  has  been  rapidly  increasing,  owing  in  a 
great  measure  to  the  improvements  made  from  year  to  year;  and  in  the  last  ten  years, 
it  is  said  the  consumption  has  increased  more  than  one  Inimdred  per  cent.  The 
greater  durability  and  cleanliness  of  Porcelain  Teeth  has  caused  all  others  to  be  dis- 
carded. The  most  extensive  and  celebrated  manufacturer  of  artificial  teeth,  in  the 
world,  is  Mr.  SAMUEL  S.  WHITE,  formerly  of  the  fiym  of  Jones,  White  &  McCurdy, 
whose  establishments  were  located  at  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston  and  Chicago. 
The  business  is  now  continued  by  Mr.  White,  at  all  their  former  establishments.  Mr. 
W.  has  had  an  experience  of  twenty -five  years  in  the  manufacture  of  Porcelain  Teeth, 
and  eighteen  years  of  that  time,  has  had  the  entire  charge  of  the  manufacturing  depart- 
ment, with  all  the  changes  of  the  firms  with  which  he  has  been  connected.  The 


64  BRUSHES. 

Porcelain  Teeth  manufactured  by  Mr.  White,  are  celebrated  above  all  others  in 
Europe,  South  America,  the  West  Indias,  and  in  fact  wherever  the  advancement  of 
civilization  has  rendered  the  Dentist  a  necessity,  large  orders  are  received  for  these 
Teeth.  He  makes  about  two  millions  annually,  giving  employment  to  over  one  hun- 
dred persons,  nearly  one-half  of  whom  are  females.  The  amount  of  wages  paid 
weekly,  will  exceed  one  thousand  dollars. 

The  four  Dental  Depots  of  Mr.  White,  located  respectively  in  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  Boston  and  at  102  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  are  the  most  extensive  and  perfect 
institutions  of  the  kind  on  this  continent,  and  indeed  it  is  doubtful  if  there  is  any 
thing  in  the  civilized  world  which  will  at  all  compare  with  the  Philadelphia  House, 
in  all  its  various  departments,  for  the  Dental  Instruments  manufactured  by  Mr.  White 
are  every  where  becoming  the  most  sought  for,  not  only  for  their  beauty  of  finish,  but 
their  perfect  adaptation  for  the  various  purposes  required.  For  a  period  of  eighteen 
years,  Mr.  White  has  devoted  his  whole  time  and  talents  to  the  development  of  this 
business.  Every  conceivable  article  of  Dental  Materials,  in  their  most  perfected  man- 
ufacture, which  the  genius  and  inventive  skill  of  man  have  devised,  in  both  hemis- 
pheres, may  be  found  at  these  Depots.  Mr.  White  has  received,  in  this  country  and 
Europe,  THIRTY  FOUR  FIRST  PREMIUMS. 

The  Chicago  Depot  was  established  about  three  years  ago,  under  the  superinten- 
dence of  Mr.  Bingham,  whose  affable  manners,  and  high  business  qualifications,  have 
made  him  pre-eminently  popular  with  the  leading  Dentists  of  the  North-West.  They 
have  been  made  acquainted  with  the  fact  that  at  this  establishment  they  can  purchase 
from  first-hands,  at  the  lowest  rates,  and  the  best  goods,  with  all  the  modern  improve- 
ments that  can  be  had  in  any  part  of  the  world. 

No.  102  Randolph  Street,  opposite  the  Matteson  House. 


BKUSHES, 


FEW  articles  of  manufacture  admit  so  great  a  diversity  of  forms,  sizes  and  qualities, 
or  so  wide  a  range  of  uses,  Its  the  productions  of  the  Brushmaker ;  and  of  none 
does  it  hold  more  true,  that  the  best  article  is  the  cheapest.  From-  the  delicate  Pencil 
of  the  artist  to  the  "  Whitewash,"  or  the  "  Scrub,"  the  variety,  in  style  and  ornament- 
ation, is  exceedingly  great.  The  manufacture  in  this  city  includes  the  usual  variety 
of  Hair,  Paint,  and  the  commoner  kinds  of  Brushes.  In  this,  as  in  other  branches, 
our  manufacturers  have  aimed  at  the  production  of  substantial  and  reliable  work.  Of 


BRUSHES.  65 

Brushes  and  their  manufacture,  the  same  may  be  said  as  Liebig  said  of  soap,  that 
"  the  civilization  of  a  nation  may  be  estimated  by  the  amount  consumed."  The  free 
use  of  brushes  is  indispensable  to  personal  cleanliness.  In  France  and  Germany, 
brushes  are  put  to  every  manner  of  use,  and  all  our  finer  brushes  are  still  received 
from  Paris.  English  brushes  are  noted  for  their  durability,  though  not  as  tasty  or 
elaborately  finished  as  the  French. 

In  all  the  Eastern  States,  every  family  is  supplied  with  brushes  for  every  conceiv- 
able purpose ;  while  in  our  own  families  of  the  "West,  until  quite  recently,  it  was  diffi- 
cult to  find  even  an  apology  of  a  Brush. 

In  the  year  1850,  a  young  man  who  had  served  a  regular  apprenticeship  with  one 
of  the  best  manufacturers  of  Brushes  in  the  city  of  Boston,  emigrated  to  Chicago  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  Brush  Manufactory.  He  soon  learned  that  cheap  prison 
work  was  the  only  style  of  brushes  which  had  hitherto  been  introduced  into  the  coun- 
try. Long  did  he  toil,  unceasingly,  to  introduce  a  superior  quality  of  his  own  manu- 
facture, and  after  years  of  effort,  secured  the  coveted  and  long-sough t-for  reward  —  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  best  commercial  houses  of  the  West.  The  price  of  Brushes, 
like  all  other  manufactured  goods,  depends  upon  the  quality  of  the  material  and  the 
labor  expended.  In  Brushes,  it  is  mainly  in  the  bristle,  of  which  there  are  five  dis- 
tinct grades  ;  the  highest  is  Eussian,  and  German,  French  and  American,  in  different 
qualities.  The  Russian  ranks  first  in  quality,  yet  differs  materially  in  grades  and 
prices.  The  best  are  known  as  Okstha  "White ;  their  length  from  five  and  a  half  to 
seven  and  a  half  inches,  and  is  worth  from  $2.75  to  $3.50  per  pound.  Next  follows 
yellow,  gray,  and  black,  which  latter  are  called  whalebone.  The  other  varieties  are 
known  as  first  quality ;  a  good,  straight,  stiff  bristle,  from  four  and  a  half  to  five  and 
a  half  inches  long,  worth  about  $1.50  per  pound ;  and  the  inferior  qualities  are  sold 
from  thirty  cents  to  $1.25.  The  above  are  peculiarly  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of 
Paint  and  "Whitewash  Brushes.  There  are  many  varieties  of  German  and  Polish 
bristles  imported ;  but  for  the  finer  grades  of  Brushes,  the  French  bristle  is  superior 
to  all  others,  being  whiter,  and  of  a  soft  and  silky  nature,  produced  by  the  climate, 
and  the  superior  breed  of  animals ;  varying  in  price  from  ninety  cents  to  $1.50.  Our 
American  bristles  are  of  an  inferior  quality,  crooked,  shorter,  and  with  a  wiry  and 
coarse  flag,  which  renders  them  unfit  for  the  finer  quality  of  Brushes.  A  substitute 
for  cheap  brushes  has  been  found  in  an  article  known  in  commerce  as  Sisal  Tampico, 
a  vegetable  product  found  in  Mexico.  It  is  nearly  white,  but  dyed  black  for  Scrub  and 
other  Brushes,  and  is  an  excellent  substitute. 

The  amount  of  Bristles  imported  into  this  country  is  not  far  from  $1,000,000  annu- 
ally ;  and  the  demand  is  rapidly  increasing,  while  the  price  steadily  advances. 

Of  the  fine  Artists'  Brushes,  such  as  Camel,  Sable,  Fitch,  Hair,  etc.,  large  quantities 

come  from  France,  where  they  are  made  cheaper  than  can  be  produced  in  this  country. 

The  best  qiialities  of  Brushes  are  manufactured  in  this  country.     The  Manufactory  of 

GEORGE  E.  GERTS  &  Co.,  No.  204  Randolph  Street,  is  a  noble  example  of  perseverance 

9 


66 


TYPE-FOUNDEY    AND    STEREOTYPING. 


and  integrity  in  commercial  transactions.  When  they  commenced  business  on  "Wells 
Street  in  this  City,  some  twelve  years  ago,  they  might  have  earned  all  their  stock  in 
trade  on  their  back.  Now  they  represent  one  of  the  most  reliable  and  extensive 
Brush  Manufacturing  Establishments  in  the  West.  They  employ  only  the  best  work- 
men, keeping  first-class  work.  During  all  the  financial  reverses  which  have  swept 
over  Chicago,  they  have  moved  steadily  on,  meeting  promptly  all  their  obligations ; 
doing  no  more  business  than  their  capital  would  allow  to  do  safely.  In  addition  to 
their  own  manufactures,  they  keep  a  full  supply  of  all  Imported  Brushes.  The 
amount  of  Brushes  manufactured  annually  in  Chicago,  will  probably  exceed  fifteen 
thousand  dollars ;  and  the  demand  is  rapidly  increasing. 


TYPE-FOUNDRY  AND  STEREOTYPING, 


A  VERY  large  proportion  of  the  book  printing 
now  done  through  the  world  is  from  stereo- 
type plates.  Every  book  that  is  intended  for 
a  second  edition  is  stereotyped  in  the  beginning. 
The  process  is  simple  and  easy  to  be  understood. 
A  page  is  set  up  with  movable  type ;  an  im- 
pression is  taken  from  it  in  plaster,  and  the  type 
metal  run  into  the  mold  where  the  entire  page 
is  cast,  which  with  the  proper  cleaning  up,  re- 
mains for  future  use.  All  the  delay  and  expense 
of  re-setting  type  is  saved,  when  a  new  edition  is 
called  for.  The  art  of  stereotpying  is  by  no 
means  so  modern  as  is  commonly  supposed.  In 
the  first  era  of  printing,  solid  blocks  of  wood,  in 
which  a  whole  page  of  words  was  carved  out, 
were  in  common  use.  Next  follows  the  process  of  type-founding,  or  casting  the  letters 
separately  in  molds,  which  enabled  the  printer  to  set  up  any  page  he  pleased  in  a 
short  time.  In  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  a  Dutchman,  named  Van  de  Meyer 
approached  very  near  the  modern  system  of  Stereotyping,  by  setting  up  the  pages  of 
a  quarto  Bible  in  movable  type,  which  were  converted  into  a  solid  mass  by  soldering 


TYPE-FOUNDRY    AND    STEREOTYPING. 


67 


them  at  the  back.  This  was  more  expensive.  Probably  William  Ged,  an  Eding- 
burgh  goldsmith,  was  the  first  to  practice  stereotyping  as  at  present  understood.  He 
invented  the  process  of  casting  whole  pages,  in  1725.  He  stereotyped  Bibles  and 
prayer-books  for  the  University  of  Cambridge ;  but  owing  to  the  opposition  of  his 
compositors,  they  artfully  introduced  errors  enough  to  bring  the  books  into  discredit. 
Great  credit  is  due  in  tracing  the  history  of  this  important  improvement  in  printing, 
to  the  exertions  of  Earl  Stanhope,  who  furnished  the  means  and  encouraged  extensive 
trials  and  experiments  at  his  country-seat  in  Kent.  Although  the  cost  of  stereotyping 
a  work  in  the  beginning,  is  nearly  twice  as  great  as  that  of  merely  setting  the  type, 
still  it  is  considered  best  to  stereotype  a  book ;  because,  from  the  plates  once  made 
small  editions  can  be  produced  whenever  required,  and  less  risk  incurred  in  paper, 
printing,  and  binding,  besides,  at  short  notice  a  new  edition  of  a  work  can  be  pro- 
duced. It  is  supposed  that  the  almost  universal  habit  of  stereotyping  works  in  this 
country  has  reduced  the  cost  nearly  one  half  upon  all  works  brought  out  by  that 
process.  Type-Founding,  in  this  country,  dates  from  1735,  when  Christopher  Sower 
established  a  printing-  _^  state  of  perfection,  by  a 


office  in  Germantown, 
near  Philadelphia.  — 
About  1790,  Messrs. 
Archibald  Bimy,  and 
James  Ronaldson  made 
the  first  real  improve- 
ment in  Type-Found- 
ing since  the  days  of 


combination  of  inven- 
tive talent,  so  that  one 
man  is  enabled  to  make 
eighteen  or  twenty 
thousand  types  in  a  day. 
The  metal  used  is  a 
mixture  composed  chief- 
ly of  lead,  antimony, 


Peter  Schoeffer.  Since  ^jjj$IJijf^Jl§jjjjj&lilP  and  tin> in  proportions 
then,  the  art  has  been  <J|  ^jjj&f  ^HS  |pg  suited  to  the  kind  of 

brought  to  its  present  •B=s&-s  type  required. 

During  the  last  few  years,  the  demand  for  Printing  Presses,  Type,  Stereotyping, 
Electrotyping,  and  every  article  connected  with  the  printing  business,  has  increased  to 
such  an  extent,  that  great  establishments  have  become  necessary  to  supply  the  rapidly 
increasing  demand. 

Nearly  half  a  century  has  elapsed  since  WHITE'S  TYPE  FOUNDRY  was  established  in 
New  York,  the  reputation  of  which  has  become  favorably  known  wherever  the  printer, 
that  herald  of  progress  and  advancing  civilization,  has  gone  forth. 

In  1855  Mr.  White  was  induced  to  establish,  in  Chicago,  a  branch  of  his  New  York 
house,  to  facilitate  his  extensive  trade  in  the  North- West,  and  for  the  better  accommo- 
dation of  his  numerous  patrons  —  the  result  of  which  is,  that  the  "Chicago  Type 
Foundry,"  as  a  central  Depot,  for  supplying  every  article  that  may  be  required  by 
the  craft,  throughout  this  section,  has  become  a  permanent  institution. 

The  manufacturing  department  of  the  Chicago  Depot,  being  under  the  supervision 
of  persons  trained  to  their  several  duties,  is  a  guarantee  as  to  the  quality  of  the 


68 


SILVER   PLATING. 


type  made.  The  press 
of  the  North-West,  every- 
where, speaks  of  the  type, 
presses,  and  material  from 
this  establishment,  in  terms 
of  the  very  highest  com- 
mendation. 

The  Chicago  Tribune 
says,  "  We  can  endorse 
most  cordially  the  resources 
of  this  Foundry  in  Type, 
Presses,  Cases,  Inks,  and 
all  the  appurtenances  of  • 
of  a  Printing  Office.  Their 
type  is  of  a  quality  equal 
Washington,  between  Clark  and  Dearborn  Streets. 


to  any  manufactured  in 
this  country,  and  their  fa- 
cilities are  such  as  to  meet 
any  orders."  This  estab- 
lishment is  managed  in  a 
manner  most  gratifying  to 
the  entire  printing  craft  of 
the  North- West  by  Mr.  H. 
A.  Porter,  whose  strict 
business  qualifications  and 
gentlemanly  demeanor  are 
fully  recognized  by  those 
who  have  any  dealing  with 
this  House. 

They    are    located    on 


SILVEK  PLATING. 


A  FEW  years  ago,  the  Eussian  frigate  General  Admiral  lay  at  her  berth  in  the 
harbor  of  New  York,  being  thrown  open  for  the  inspection  of  the  public,  previous 
to  her  departure  for  the  Eussian  seas.  She  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  models 
of  naval  architecture  afloat.  Her  cargo  was  an  assorted  one  of  great  value.  She  was 
laden  and  furnished  by  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  extensive  manufacturing 
firms  in  New  York.  Of  her  furniture,  nothing  was  more  calculated  to  attract  the 
attention  and  admiration  of  the  vast  throng  of  people  which  visited  her,  than  her 
table  outfit  of  Silver,  glass  and  porcelain,  but  more  especially  the  Silver  Ware ;  among 
which  there  were  twelve  cups,  saucers  and  spoons,  encircling  a  broad,  massive  plateau 
of  pure  silver,  from  which  the  epergne  rose  with  its  branching  columns  four  feet, 
holding  the  vessel  in  its  glittering  recesses,  separated  by  statuettes  representing  the 
Seasons ;  the  whole  surmounted  by  a  classic  urn  —  our  eagle,  (as  over  all  the  works 
of  this  house)  with  bended  beak  and  hovering  wings  keeping  sentinel. 

The  other  table  presented  a  sight,  which  at  first  glance  made  us  think  of  some  en- 
chanted castle,  built  on  a  crystal  mountain  side  by  the  Genii  of  the  East.  It  cost 
$15,000.  It  looked  like  the  buffet  of  an  emperor  prepared  for  a  banquet  of  kings.  It 


SILVER   PLATING.  69 

had  two  complete  services  of  Silver  of  $4,000  each  —  two  exquisite  Tea  Sets  in  the 
antique,  one  wreathed  in  the  leaves  and  boughs  of  the  "  Old  English  Oak,"  the  other 
in  the  basket  style,  now  the  mode  —  several  Fruit  Bowls  —  one  for  ice,  ornamented 
with  the  polar  bear,  the  reindeer,  and  other  arctic  emblems  —  Strawberry  Bowls  of 
line  workmanship,  with  wicker  tracery  of  the  vine  and  berry,  embracing  opal-lmed 
glass,  and  many  other  things  of  taste  and  beauty.  All  these  articles  were  thoroughly 
American,  the  workmanship  of  our  own  artists,  ordered  by  his  Imperial  Majesty,  the 
Czar  of  Russia.  They  had  none  of  the  air  of  servility  about  them.  Europeans 
stopped  to  gaze  on  them  —  for  they  breathed  the  spirit  of  nationality.  Among  the 
number  who  lingered  longest  to  gaze  upon  so  much  beauty  in  gems  of  Silver,  was  a 
young  man,  then  a  foreman  in  one  of  the  extensive  Silver  Plating  manufacturing 
establishments,  located  on  John  street.  He  had  emigrated  from  one  of  the  New 
England  States.  He  drank  in  all  their  beauty ;  his  Yankee  soul  was  filled  with  a  new 
ambition  —  a  desire  to  reproduce  the  same  amount  of  beauty  at  a  price  which  would 
come  within  the  reach  of  men  of  more  humble  resources.  His  purpose  has  been  ac- 
complished ;  and  for  the  last  few  years  that  young  man  has  been  a  resident  of  this 
city,  carving  out  his  own  fortune,  anjd  seeking  a  worthy  reputation  for  Silver  Plating 
in  all  the  latest  and  most  perfected  forms.  He  has  accomplished  his  purpose ;  and 
W.  K.  INGRAM  stands  without  a  rival  in  this  domain  of  manufacture  in  this  city. 

It  is  a  fact  of  moment  to  our  progress,  that  the  nations  of  Europe  should  be  sending 
to  our  American  manufacturers  for  their  most  costly  and  elaborately  worked  wares. 
In  this  respect,  as  in  many  others,  it  may  well  be  said, 

"  Westward  the  star  of  empire  takes  its  way ! " 

During  the  last  few  years,  another,  to  us,  important  fact,  is  being  developed  —  that 
"  the  star  of  empire "  is  fast  wending  its  way  westward  across  this  continent.  Its 
power  is  rapidly  culminating  here  in  Chicago,  in  Commerce,  the  Arts,  and  Manu- 
factures. 

The  process  of  Silver  Plating,  or  of  electricity,  on  the  base  metals,  such  as  Copper, 
German  Silver,  etc.,  is  a  result  which  very  few  persons  in  this  country  can,  or  do,  ac- 
complish. The  process  is  done  by  the  aid  of  the  galvanic  battery — one  of  those  chem- 
ical and  physical  wonders  which  give  to  it  much  of  the  mystery  of  the  supernatural. 
What  galvanism  is,  we  know  not.  "We  only  know  it  is  not  electricity,  it  is  not  mag- 
netism, it  is  not  "  spiritualism,"  it  is  not  gravitation ;  we  know  not  what  it  is  any  more 
than  what  the  principle  of  life  is.  The  process  is,  by  filling  large  tubs,  or  vats,  with 
a  liquid  holding  pure  silver  in  solution.  In  this  solution  the  articles  to  be  plated  are 
siispended  by  a  wire  from  a  bar  of  silver,  which,  with  the  copper  wires  upon  the  ends 
of  the  tubes,  forms  the  galvanic  current  medium.  The  batteries  are  then  put  in  con- 
nection, and  immediately  the  deposit  of  silver  commences  upon  the  articles  suspended 
in  the  solution.  This  deposit  would  soon  exhaust  the  metal  held  in  solution  if  there 
was  not  a  constant  supply  given  in  its  stead.  This  is  done  from  thin  plates  of  pure 


70  MACHINEKY. 

silver,  suspended  in  the  solution  also,  which  are  passed  by  the  galvanic  current  into 
the  solution  to  keep  up  the  strength  of  the  precipitate  upon  the  plating  articles 
After  coming  from  the  tubes,  the  articles  are  in  an  unfinished  state,  though  very  white 
They  are  then  sent  to  the  burnisher,  under  whose  quick  toiiches  they  are  readily  fitted 
for  the  show  case,  or  the  purchaser. 

Every  imaginable  article  can  be  plated ;  steel,  iron,  copper,  composition  metal,  Ger- 
man silver,  britannia,  zinc,  etc.  The  best  plate  is  that  upon  German  silver.  A  good, 
first-quality  deposit  on  this  metal  is,  in  all  necessary  qualities,  just  as  good  as  the  solid 
silver,  and  costs  only  about  one-quarter  as  much.  There  are  four  establishments  in 
this  city,  which  nominally  profess  to  be  able  to  do  Silver  Plating;  but  Mr.  "W.  K. 
Ingram,  located  at  No.  194-J  Clark  Street,  stands  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and 
may  be  relied  on  as  being  fully  competent  in  all  its  details. 


MACHINERY  DEPOT, 


THIS,  of  all  the  ages,  is  the  most  remarkable  for  new 
inventions.  Old  industrial  methods,  and  the  rude 
tools  of  handicraft,  are  passing  away,  and  new  processes, 
original  devices  and  curious  machines  that  have  no  sweat 
upon  their  brows,  are  taking  the  place  of  the  toiling,  per- 
spiring workers  of  the  past  ages,  or  are  putting  the  hand- 
workers into  the  position  of  the  head-workers,  and  making 
them  guides,  overseers  and  thinkers.  It  is  the  mission  of 
man  to  hold  the  earth  and  its  waters  in  subjection  by  ma- 
chinery. By  machinery  he  is  destined  to  lighten  the 
drudgery  which  at  the  dawn  of  creation  fell  upon  his  race. 
To  accomplish  this,  he  has  been  endowed  with  genius  and 
inventive  power ;  and  where  the  force  of  a  thousand  giants 
would  be  fruitless,  these  triumphantly  prevail.  We  are 
living  in  a  wonderful  age.  Truly,  the  race  of  invention  is 
the  race  of  progress.  Our  own  country  is  contributing 
her  full  share  to  this  material  progress  of  the  race,  and  the  hope  begins  to  dawn,  that 
we  shall  be  able  to  obviate  the  sternest  difficulties  the  genius  of  invention  has  had  to 
contend  with.  Our  own  City  of  Chicago,  too,  is  contributing  her  full  share  to  the 
mechanical  arts.  Here  we  have  inventive  geniuses,  who  are  scattering  their  rich  gifts 


MACHINERY.  71 

among  us,  multiplying  luxuries  and  creating  innumerable  comforts.  Here,  also,  we 
have  business  firms,  whose  enterprise  prompts  them  to  search  out  every  valuable  in- 
vention and  offer  them  to  the  piiblic.  Among  such  firms  we  would  refer  to  Messrs. 
WALWORTH,  HUBBAKD  &  Co.,  who  are  the  manufacturers  of  Steam  Engines,  Gas  Fit- 
tings, and  everything  pertaining  to  Steam  and  Gas  they  make  a  speciality  ;  and  what- 
ever there  is  of  the  production  of  inventive^skill,  and  of  utility,  pertaining  to  these  two 
branches  of  manufacture,  will  be  found  at  this  establishment. 

Who  shall  dare  say  that  the  Steam  Engine  is  perfected?  Every  day  produces  some 
new  improvement  in  this  potent  Motive  Power.  One  hundred  and  twenty  years  be- 
fore the  Christian  era,  a  wheel  driven  by  steam  revolved  in  the  Egyptian  Capital. 
More  than  nineteen  centuries  succeeded,  making  their  deep  furrows  upon  the  broad 
face  of  creation,  before  this  whirling  toy  ripened  into  the  mighty  Steam  Engine,  now 
so  familiar  to  our  race.  At  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  this  power  appeared 
and  assumed  a  form  which  enabled  it  to  drag  heavy  burdens  upon  land  and  sea;  and 
then  the  globe  seemed  contracted  to  half  its  former  size.  In  strength,  it  was  mightier 
than  any  moving  thing,  and  in  speed  it  rivaled  the  birds  of  heaven.  It  has  become 
the  strong  carrier  and  the  fleet  racer.  Its  unearthly  shriek  troubles  the  air,  and  its 
rolling  tramp  shakes  the  earth.  It  impels  huge  ships,  that  spread  our  commerce  over 
every  ocean  ;  defying  the  hurricane  and  mastering  the  storm.  It  digs  the  ore,  blows 
the  furnace,  wields  the  heavy  hammer,  and  turns  the  spindle.  It  toils  in  the  workshops, 
it  toils  in  mid-ocean,  and  it  toils  as  it  bounds  along  upon  its  iron  track.  Its  years 
have  been  few ;  but  in  this  short  period  of  time,  it  has  stamped  new  and  everlasting 
characters  upon  the  history  of  mankind.  Human  speralation  fails  adequately  to  esti- 
mate its  influence  upon  the  social  and  commercial  relations  of  men  and  of  nations. 
The  end  to  its  improvements  and  appliances  is  not  yet. 

Every  new  improvement,  every  floating  fragmentary  idea  on  the  subject,  is  sought 
for  and  crystalized  by  Messrs.  "Walworth,  Hubbard  &  Co.,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
people  of  the  North-West. 

They  are  extensive  dealers  in,  and  manufacturers  of  Boiler  Flues,  Valves,  Cocks, 
Gauges,  Pumps,  Steam  and  Gas  Fittings,  Steam  Boilers  of  all  kinds,  made  of  superior 
Pennsylvania  Charcoal  Iron,  manufactured  expressly  for  their  use;  Patented  Stretched, 
Cemented  and  Kiveted  Leather  Belting ;  also  Boston  Belting  Co.'s  celebrated  Rubber 
Belting,  Packing  and  Hose. 

They  are  agents  for  Worthington's  Steam  Pumps  —  Ashcroft's  Low  Water  Detec- 
tor—  Campbell,  Whittier  &  Co.'s  Steam  Engines ;  also  those  manufactured  by  Mr. 
George  II.  Corliss,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  etc.,  etc.  Perhaps  no  improvements 
have  been  made  which  correspond  in  extent,  or  value  with  those  of  Corliss'.  His 
improvements  are  two-fold ;  first,  a  peculiar  device  for  moving  each  steam  and  each 
exhaust  valve,  with  a  distinct  and  independent  motion,  by  means  of  a  crank-wrist. 
There  being  a  series  of  crank-wrists  attached  to  a  common  disc,  secured  to  a  work- 
shaft,  connecting  with  the  main  eccentric,  all  the  valves  are  moved  at  the  right  times, 


72  STRUGGLE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 

and  with  complete  effect.  This  saves  much  power  that  is  injuriously  expended  in  the 
common  engine,  in  moving  the  closed  valve,  and  prevents  the  waste  of  the  expansive 
force  of  steam.  The  second  improvement  consists  in  a  perfect  automatic  regulation  of 
steam  in  its  passage  into  the  cylinder  ;  so  that  by  means  of  a  cut-off  at  the  steam-valves 
the  entire  expansive  'or  motive  power  of  steam  is  saved,  and  applied  directly  to  the 
machinery.  • 

There  is  a  most  delicate  sensibility  displayed  in  the  action  of  all  portions  of  the 
machinery,  through  the  agency  of  stops  or  cams,  with  the  catches  that  liberate  the 
steam  valves,  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  off  the  flow  of  steam  into  the  cylinder ;  which 
makes  the  observer,  who  understands  the  operation  of  machinery,  feel  that  he  is  in 
the  presence,  not  only  of  a  high  mechanical  power,  but  of  a  moral  and  intellectual  one 
—  since  no  volition  of  the  clearest  intellect  could  will  a  more  even,  sensitive,  self- 
adjusting,  equalized,  and  perfectly-balanced  operation.  The  saving  effected  by  these 
improvements  in  fuel  alone,  is  so  great  as  to  interest  the  entire  public  in  the  universal 
introduction  of  it.  They  have  recently  placed  one  of  these  engines  in  the  Sherman 
House. 

Within  a  few  weeks  past  several  cases  in  this  city  have  come  under  the  notice  of 
physicians  where  persons  have  been  poisoned  from  using  the  water  which  has  been 
allowed  to  remain  over  night  in  the  pipes  attached  to  hydrants.  If  galvanized  iron 
pipe  were  used,  such  as  Walworth,  Hnbbard  and  Co.  manufacture,  it  would  not  only 
effect  a  great  saving  in  a  pecuniary  way,  but  the  health  of  the  citizens  would  not  suffer 
from  the  injurious  matter  which  collects  in  leaden  pipes. 


THE  STRUGGLE  FOR  SUPREMACY, 


is  an  age  of  electric  progress,  especially  in  the  mechanic  arts.  The  introduc- 
J_  tion,  and  application  of  the  Sewing  Machine,  forms  one  of  the  most  wonderful 
chapters  of  industrial  history  of  modern  times.  There  is  no  nation  on  the  face  of  the 
earth,  where  mechanical  inventions  are.  brought  to  such  a  perfection,  and  adapted  to 
so  many  purposes  of  utility,  as  in  the  United  States.  This  arises  partly  from  the 
inventive  genius  of  our  people,  which  has  out-stripped  the  world  in  many  important 
departments  of  the  mechanic  arts;  and  partly  because  of  higher  talent  and  intelligence 
here,  having  devoted  themselves  to  this  business.  The  inventive  life  of  this  continent 
is  only  just  dawning.  Our  poorest  mechanic,  now,  has  access  to  libraries,  from  which 
he  devises  plans  and  designs  in  mechanism,  which  he  could  gain  in  no  other  way ; 


STRUGGLE  FOE  SUPREMACY.  73 

the  result  of  which  can  be  measured  by  no  man,  for  they  will  stretch  on,  mingling 
with  the  ceaseless  stream  of  human  ingenuity  that  flows  on  from  age  to  age.  Since 
the  invention  of  the  Steam  Engine,  the  Printing  Press,  and  the  Telegraph,  three  of 
the  mightiest  material  agents  God  has  given  to  man,  no  other  one  invention  has 
become  of  so  much  importance  as  the  Sewing  Machine.  The  introduction  of  this 
wonderful  invention  is  revolutionizing  the  age  in  which  we  live  —  it  is  bringing  order 
out  of  chaos,  and  woman's  power  over  the  force  of  nature,  by  placing  in  her  hands  the 
sceptre  of  the  material  universe,  through  which  she  is  asserting  her  importance  in  the 
scale  of  human  greatness. 

Great  men  beget  great  ideas  ;  they  are  not  often  able  to  carry  them  out,  the  activity 
of  invention  out-stripping  the  means  of  execution.  Thus  it  was  with  Elias  Howe,  Ja\, 
of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  who,  in  1846,  secured  a  patent  for  the  first  practical  Lock  Stitch 
Sewing  Machine,  but  imperfect  in  all  its  practical  bearings.  It  remained  for  Mr. 
Isaac  M.  Singer,  of  New  York,  to  perfect  this  most  wonderful  invention  of  the  age. 
In  August,  1860,  he  placed  it  before  the  public,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present,  has 
continued  to  improve  it,  until  it  now  is  without  a  rival  in  the  domain  of  Sewing 
Machines. 

To  I.  M.  Singer  belongs  the  honor  of  inventing  the  straight  needle,  perpendicular 
action  Sewing  Machine.  The  herculean  efforts  of  this  man  convinced  the  world  that 
Sewing  Machines  were  invented  by  the  Creator  to  take  from  the  labor  of  the  needle 
its  drudgery  and  make  mechanism  execute  the  graceful  conceptions  of'  a  planning 
brain.  The  world  will  not  soon  get  tired  of  hearing  about  I.  M.  Singer,  the  man  who 
is  believed  to  have  done  more  to  perfect  the  Sewing  Machine  than  any  other  man 
living.  In  speaking  of  Sewing  Machines,  we  can  truly  say  the  genius  of  art  has 
invaded  the  household.  It  is  doing,  in  one  department  of  house-wifery,  what  the 
steam  engine,  the  telegraph,  and  other  inventions  have  done,  and  are  doing  for  man. 
The  care  of  the  wardrobe  has  been  one  of  woman's  chief  employments,  probably  one 
half  of  the  efficient  female  force  in  this  country  has  been  devoted  to  it.  It  is  not  the 
expenditure  of  that  time  that  is  to  be  regarded ;  it  is  the  deadening  eifect  of  the 
employment  on  the  mind  and  body,  the  monotony  of  continual  employment  in  stitch- 
ing, the  minute  attention  required,  the  strain  upon  the  eyes,  the  confined  and 
unhealthy  position,  that  have  told  with  terrible  effect  upon  the  minds  and  bodies  of 
women. 

The  Sewing  Machine  changes  this,  and  renders  sewing  a  healthy  and  inspiring 
employment.  A  woman  accustomed  to  the  use  of  the  machine,  would  no  more  be 
content  with  the  hand  needle,  than  would  the  business  man  at  the  present  day,  with 
the  facilities  of  the  past  century.  What  the  steam  engine  proves  compared  with 
horse  power,  this  beautiful  machine  is,  when  set  in  operation,  to  the  slow,  patient 
progress  of  the  ordinary  needle.  It  may  require  a  little  care,  a  drop  of  oil  now  and 
then,  touched  to  the  delicate  mechanism,  and  then  you  have  the  power  of  fifty  seam- 

10 


74  BILLIARD    TABLE    MANUFACTURE. 

stresses,  doing  ornamental  duty  in  your  parlor,  while  out  of  active  use  eating  nothing, 
and  never  singing  Hood's  mournful  Song  of  the  Shirt, 

"  Stitch,  stitch,  stitch." 

There  has  been  no  machine  able  to  achieve  more  good  for  saving  labor  and  making 
money  for  those  that  work  them  than  Singer's,  owing  to  its  great  adaptability  to  all 
kinds  of  work  from  the  heaviest  "pilot  cloth  down  to  the  finest  piece  of  cobweb  muslin. 
Wherever  we  have  visited  cities  or  large  towns  on  this  continent,  we  have  seen  or 
heard  of  Singer's  Sewing  Machine. 

Singer's  letter  A  Machine,  is  probably  the  best  Sewing  Machine  in  the  world,  for 
family  sewing  and  light  manufacturing  purposes.  It  is  only  of  late  that  the  public 
began  to  learn  that  the  essential  element  of  a  machine  best  adapted  to  the  heaviest 
work,  would  also  be  the  elements  to  be  embodied  in  a  family  machine ;  while  they 
will  sew  the  most  delicate  material  to  perfection,  they  are  also  adapted  to  light  man- 
ufacturing purposes. 

Singer  &  Co.  have  made  considerable  reduction  in  the  price  of  their  machines,  with 
a  view  of  placing  them  in  the  reach  of  the  masses.  Their  capital  is  very  large,  and 
their  facilities  enable  them  to  produce  a  better  machine,  for  less  money,  of  their  valu- 
able invention,  than  any  other  manufacturer,  of  any  other  machine.  It  is  only  by 
doing  a  great  business,  and  having  extensive  manufacturing  establishments,  that  good 
machines  can  be  made  at  moderate  prices.  The  qualities  to  be  looked  for  in  a  good 
machine  are :  certainty  of  action  at  all  rates  of  speed,  simplicity  of  construction,  great 
durability,  and  rapidity  of  operation,  with  less  labor.  Singer  &  Co.  may  well  be 
called  public  benefactors,  for  they  have,  through  the  medium  of  their  invention, 
contributed,  in  no  small  degree,  to  the  industrial  prosperity  of  the  nation. 

The  Chicago  Agency  is  located  on  Clark  Street,  opposite  the  Tribune  Office,  occu- 
pying one  of  those  elegant  stores  in  the  Sherman  House. 


BILLIARD  TABLE  MANUFACTURE. 


TO  America  belongs  the  honor  of  constructing  the  only  perfect  Billiard  Tables  made 
in  the  world.  This  is  the  more  remarkable,  as  it  has  been  pretty  satisfactorily 
demonstrated  that  the  game  was  in  vogue  among  the  Eomans,  and  particularly  culti- 
vated by  Consul  Lucullus,  that  elegant  and  accomplished  Roman  epicurean,  who 
devoted  his  colossal  fortune  to  the  graces  and  accomplishments  of  refined  and  polite 
life.  Some  have  referred  its  introduction  to  the  Emperor  Caligula.  We  have  never 


>-^r--c  r^                          *••    *•  . 

M  $ 

5N  a)     i.     ajR 

k  ts 


BILLIARD   TABLE   MANUFACTURE.  75 

leaned  to  this  conclusion,  because  it  is  hard  to  beliesre  that  so  hard-hearted  a  wretch 
should  have  had  any  agency  in  introducing  so  elegant  and  generous  an  amusement 
among  iis  countrymen.  There  seems  to  be  little  doubt  that  the  game  of  Billiards 
was  known  to  the  Romans;  and  we  think  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  prove  that  every 
hospitable  and  elegant  palace  of  the  Roman  citizens  had  a  room  devoted  to  this  glo- 
rious and  inspiring  game.  Billiards  were  introduced  into  France  as  early  as  the  first 
crusade,  which  occurred  in  1099.  During  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  one  of  the  most 
luxurious  of  the  French  monarchs  gave  to  this  amusement  the  epithet  of  "  the  noble 
game  of  Billiards."  With  this  royal  sanction,  its  fascination  soon  enthralled  all  the 
elegant  circles  of  Europe,  and  before  a  quarter  of  a  century  had  passed,  Billiards  be- 
came the  favorite  amusement  of  the  nobles  and  principal  classes  of  England,  Germany, 
Italy  and  Spain.  The  game  was  introduced  into  this  country  by  the  cavaliers  of  Vir- 
ginia and  a  few  gentlemen  of  Holland,,  who  became  the  early  possessors  of  Manhattan 
Island,  then  called  New  Amsterdam.  It  was  cultivated  before  the  revolution  by  the 
most  illustrious,  intelligent,  and  best  educated  classes.  General  Washington  devoted 
to  it  as  many  moments  of  leisure  after  dinner  as  the  serious  occupation  of  his  life 
allowed.  John  Quincy  Adams,  while  President,  had  one  in  his  house,  as  one  of  the 
luxuries  which  his  hospitality  provided  for  the  after-dinner  hours  of  Lafayette. 

There  is  much  to  be  said  on  the  subject  of  innocent  and  exhilarating  amusement. 
Physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  highest  rank  among  all  nations  have  prescribed  Bil- 
liards as  the  most  exhilirating  and  the  most  beautiful  of  all  games.  Chess  is  too  sed- 
entary ;  and,  besides,  it  tunas  out  to  be  too  irritating.  To  be  well  played,  it  taxes  the 
intensest  powers. 

Billiards  can  be  played  as  a  relaxation  ;  It  becomes  an  intense  and  exciting  game 
only  when  the  mind  throws  all  its  energies  in  that  direction,  and  then  it  is  full,  often, 
of  the  spirit  of  heroism.  Sir  Astley  Cooper  attributed  to  the  practice  of  this  game, 
among  the  families  of  the  English  aristocracy,  both  male  and  female,  their  admitted 
superiority  of  health,  beauty,  and  physical  development,  over  all  other  races  on  the 
earth. 

The  demand  for  Billiard  Tables  in  the  West  and  North- West  became  so  great,  that 
three  years  ago,  Messrs.  E.  BRUNSWICK  &  Co.  established  a  manufactory  in  this  city, 
for  the  better  accommodation  of  the  many  applicants  for  their  celebrated  Tables.  The 
best  players  in  this  country  resort  to  them  for  Tables,  Balls,  Cues,  and  all  the  appa- 
ratus of  the  game.  They  receive  orders  from  men  of  taste  and  fortune,  from  every 
quarter  of  the  North- West.  They  doubtless  construct  them  with  more  care,  and 
superintend  the  manufacture  of  each  one  with  more  earnest  personal  attention  than 
any  other  manufacturer. 

Not  a  Table  is  allowed  to  leave  their  manufactory  that  does  not  first  'pass  the  scru- 
tiny of  their  eye.  They  have  devoted  the  energies,  talents,  and  experience  of  life  to 
the  gradual  perfection  of  Billiard  Table  manufacture.  Billiard  players  seek  these 
Tables  in  preference  to  all  others. 


76  PHARMACY    AND    CHEMISTRY. 

Their  Salesroom  and  Factory  are  at  Nos.  74,  76,  and  78  Kandolph  Street  —  the 
manufactory  occupying  one  entire  floor.  Their  Office  and  Sales-room  are  on  the 
first  floor.  They  employ  a  capital  of  about  $20,000  —  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  men; 
and  furnish  from  ten  to  twelve  tables  per  week.  These  Tables  are  made  of  Rosewood 
and  Mahogany,  with  Slate,  Marble,  and  Wooden  Beds,  and  cost  from  §225  to  $1,500. 


PHARMACY  AND  CHEMISTRY, 


MEDICINE  is  known  as  the  art  and  science  of  curing  disease.  The  practice  of 
medicine  must  everywhere  have  arisen  from  the  accidents  and  infirmities  to 
which  mankind  are  liable.  .In  Greece,  as  elsewhere,  the  early  history  of  medicine  is 
involved  in  darkness.  "We  know,  however,  that  the  temples  of  jEsculapius  were, 
from  an  early  period,  the  resort  of  the  sick,  who  submitted  themselves  to  the  regula- 
tions of  the  Asclepiadse,  the  priests  of  the  temples,  and  that  these  priests  must  thus 
have  had  large  opportunities  for  the  study  of  disease.  But  the  temples  of  ^Esculapius 
are  not  the  only  source  to  which  the  origin  of  scientific  medicine  is  to  be  traced.  In 
the  schools  of  philosophy,  some  attention  was  always  paid  to  the  healing  art,  as  a 
branch  of  education.  At  this  period,  it  seems  there  was  still  another  class,  the  Char- 
latans, who,  without  any  pretension  to  education,  offered  their  nostrums  for  sale  in  the 
market  place.  Besides  the  temples  of  ^Esculapius  and  the  schools  of  philosophy, 
there  were  other  sources  which  undoubtedly  contributed  to  form  the  early  physicians. 
In  these  various  ways,  medicine  had  already  made  sensible  progress,  when  Hippoc- 
rates (born  in  Cos,  about  460  B.  C.,)  collected  the  scattered  knowledge  of  his  time, 
and  added  to  it  by  his  own  genius  and  observation. 

For  six  hundred  years,  according  to  Pliny,  Rome  had  no  physicians  —  not  that  no 
attempt  was  then  made  to  cure  disease,  but  that  these  attempts  consisted  mainly  in 
superstitious  observances.  Thus,  according  to  Livy,  pestilence  was  repeatedly  stayed 
at  Rome  by  erecting  a  temple  to  Apollo ;  by  celebrating  public  games,  or  by  the  dic- 
tator driving  a  nail  into  the  Capitol;  and  Cato  the  Censor,  trusted  to  simples,  with 
charms  and  incantations.  Galen,  who  was  born  A.  D.  130,  had  a  far  wider  share  of 
renown  than  other  physicians^  for  more  than  twelve  centuries  his  authorities  reigned 
supreme  in  the  schools ;  even  a  fact  was  disputed  if  it  was  against  the  authority  of 
Galen.  From  the  time  of  Galen,  medicine  began  to  participate  in  the  decline  which 
had  already  overtaken  art  and  literature. 

While  the  Western  empire  had  sunk  into  barbarism,  and  the  Eastern,  sadly  limited, 


PHARMACY    AND    CHEMISTRY.  77 

was  straggling  for  existence,  medical  science  found  refuge  for  a  time  among  the  Arabi- 
ans. As  order  again  began  to  emerge  from  the  chaos  of  barbarism  -which  succeeded 
the  fall  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire,  monks  and  priests  became  the  principal  phy- 
sicians, and  a  little  medicine  was  taught  in  the  monasteries.  From  the  ninth  to  the 
thirteenth  century,  the  Jews  became  celebrated  as  physicians,  and  by  administering 
remedies,  obtained  access  to  the  courts,  and  even  to  the  palace  of  the  Roman  Pontiffs. 

In  the  last  sixty  years,  practical  medicine  has  made  greater  advances  than  in  any 
other  similar  period.  This  may  be  attributed  to  many  reasons ;  among  which  are  the 
brilliant  discoveries  which  have  rendered  Chemistry  a  new  science;  also  the  discovery, 
by  Pharmacutical  Chemists,  of  the  active  principle  of  various  drugs,  which  has  not 
only  rendered  the  active  use  of  these  drags  more  certain,  and  less  nauseous,  but  has 
enabled  them  to  exhibit  necessary  doses,  which  the  stomach  otherwise  would  be  unable 
to  retain.  Pharmacy  is  intimately  allied  with  several  of  the  natural  sciences,  and  its 
successful  cultivation  demands  an  extensive  knowledge  of  Chemistry,  and  familiarity 
with  chemical  manipulations,  and  with  the  physical  properties  of  medicine. 

The  various  operations  of  Pharmacy  have  for  their  object,  to  render  medicine  more 
effective,  and  less  repugnant  to  the  taste  and  stomach. 

In  no  article  of  commerce,  perhaps,  is  there  greater  and  more  frequent  adultera- 
tions than  in  Drugs  and  Medicines.  At  a  Pharmacutical  Convention  held  in  Boston 
in  1859,  a  committee  which  was  appointed  the'preceding  year  to  consider  the  subject  of 
adulteration,  submitted  an  exceedingly  able,  interesting  and  valuable  report.  They  give 
a  most  formidable  list  of  adulterations  which  are  known  in  the  trade,  and  manfully 
acknowledged  itio  be  their  high  duty  to  purge  their  profession  of  the  disgrace  which 
their  dishonest  brethren  bring  upon  it.  A  long  catalogue  of  drags  were  furnished, 
which  have  been  taken  from  shops,  and  which  are  adulterated  in  every  conceivable 
way.  Five  different  methods  of  treating  the  Para  Balsam  Copaiva  are  enumerated. 
Cream  of  Tartar,  which  is  so  largely  used,  both  as  a  medicine  and  an  ingredient  of 
of  food,  is  a  favorite  article  for  adulteration. 

Every  city  and  town  may  have  its  dishonest  druggists,  who  resort  to  adulteration. 
As  a  general  thing,  if  the  public  are  imposed  upon  it  is  their  own  fault.  In  every 
city  like  Chicago,  there  are  Druggists  whose  reputation  in  this  respect  is  without  re- 
proach —  those  to  whom  physicians  invariably  direct  their  patients  for  prescription  ; 
not  only  for  compounding  and  selling  none  but  pure  medicines,  but  for  their  thorough 
knowledge  of  Pharmacy  and  Chemistry. 

Among  this  latter  class  of  Druggists,  who  enjoy  the  highest  confidence  of  the  pub- 
lic, and  the  medical  faculty  generally,  we  may  mention  Mr.  E.  II.  SAKGENT,  whose 
elegantly  fitted  up  Drag  Store  is  located  011  the  corner  of  State  and  Randolph  Streets. 
.  Mr.  Sargent  has  been  thoroughly  educated  in  Pharmacy  and  Chemistry,  having 
been  uninterruptedly  engaged  in  it,  in  all  its  details,  for  nearly  twenty  years,  enjoying 
advantages  rarely  conferred  upon  others.  His  store  is  supplied  with  all  the  modern 
pharmaceutical  preparations,  new  remedies,  etc.,  accredited  by  modern  Chemistry  and 


78  FURS. 

science.  Extracts,  perfumes  and  toilet  articles  of  the  choicest  foreign  and  domestic 
production,  may  be  found  here  in  great  variety.  Among  other  things,  we  noticed  a 
line  assortment  of  brushes,  manufactured  in  Paris  for  this  house,  Mr.  Sargent's  name 
marked  upon  each  by  the  manufacturer. 

Their  facilities  for  obtaining  goods  from  first  hands  enable  them  to  supply  the  trade 
or  the  consumer  at  greatly  reduced  prices  from  ordinary  rates.  No  representation  will 
be  made  by  this  house  that  will  not  be  most  fully  substantiated. 


FUKS, 


/"1OMMEKCE  has  brought  the  luxuries  of  all  countries  and  the  refinement  of  all 
\J  ages  to  our  American  homes.  Ages  ago  Europe's  kings  and  nobles  were  wearing 
furs  which  were  then  restricted  to  the  royal  families,  and  served  as  distinctive  marks 
and  badges  of  rank,  and  were  for  this  purpose,  introduced  into  armorial  bearings. 
But  that  age  has  gone  by.  Democracy  has  revolutionized  the  world  —  it  has  lifted 
the  veil  and  opened  an  earthly  paradise  on  this  continent  to  the  long  toiling  millions 
who  have  fled  from  the  crumbling  despotisms  of  the  old  world.  Here  they  find  an 
empire  under  a  Republican  form  of  government,  reared  on  democratic  principle,  of 
"  the  greatest  good  for  the  greatest  number  " —  and  opulence  has  drawn  around  us 
curtains  of  silk  and  gold.  Here  we  can  enjoy,  undisturbed,  the  luxuries  of  both  hem- 
ispheres. All  these  elegant  furs,  once  restricted  to  the  privileged  few,  can  now  be 
enjoyed  by  every  honest,  iipright  and  industrious  man.  A  brief  account  of  the  sources 
from  whence  these  furs  are  obtained  may  -not  be  uninteresting  to  the  reader. 

Jn  Siberia  an  annual  fair  is  held  in  Kiakhta,  near  the  Chinese  frontier,  which  is  the 
great  emporium  of  the  trade  between  Russia  and  China.  Here  Rusisan  furs  form  the 
leading  article  of  trade.  Large  caravans  of  Russian  and  Chinese  traders  meet  every 
year  in  December  at  this  fair,  which  has  existed  since  .1720,  and  has  powerfully 


FUES.  79 

contributed  to  promote  the  commercial  intercourse  between  the  two  nations.  Here 
the  valuable  furs  of  the  Cossacks  are  brought  for  barter.  The  word  Fur  indicates 
the  thick,  warm  covering  of  certain  animals,  especially  such  as  inhabit  the  lands  and 
waters  of  cold  countries,  distinguished  from  hair  by  its  greater  fineness  and  softness ; 
most  generally  the  skins  of  such  animals  are  dressed  with  the  fur  on.  Before  being 
dressed  the  skins  are  known  in  'commerce  as  peltry.  Fur  is  used  especially  for  winter 
clothing,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted,  not  merely  by  reason  of  its  important  qualities 
of  warmth  and  durability,  but  also  on  account  of  its  great  beauty.  In  all  cold  climates, 
man  has  availed  himself  liberally  of  the  warm  covering  with  which  nature  has  clothed 
the  animals  around  him ;  but  the  wealth  of  the  most  favored  nations  has  drawn  to 
them  the  most  beautiful  furs,  in  whatever  part  of  the  world  they  are  procured.  Skins 
of  animals  were  among  the  first  materials  used  for  clothing.  Before  Adam  and  Ew 
were  driven  from  the  garden  of  Eden,  they  were  furnished  with  coats  of  skins.  The 
ancient  Assyrians  used  the  soft  skins  of  animals  to  cover  the  couches,  or  the  ground 
in  their  tents  ;  and  the  Israelites  employed  badger's  skins  and  rams'  skins  dyed  red,  as 
ornamental  hangings  for  the  tabernacle.  The  ancient  heroes  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  are  represented  as  being  clothed  in  skins ;  ^Eneas,  wearing  for  an  outer 
garment  that  of  a  lion,  and  Alcestes  being  formidably  clad  in  that  of  the  Libyan  bear. 
Phitarch  speaks  of  the  Persians  reclining  upon  soft  furs.  The  fur  of  the  beaver  was 
in  use  in  the  fourth  century  ;  the  animal  was  known  as  the  Pontic  dog.  The  sable  of 
the  far-off  regions  of  Siberia,  was  not  known  till  many  centuries  later ;  but  it  was  the 
production  of  that  region  in  furs  that  chiefly  prompted  the  Russians  to  its  definitive 
conquest.  In  the  early  periods  furs  appear  to  have  constituted  the  whole  riches  of 
the  northern  countries — they  were  the  principal  if  not  the  only  exports ;  taxes  were 
paid  with  them,  and  they  were  the  only  medium  of  exchange.  So  it  was  in  our  own 
western  territories  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century,  and  still  continues  to  be  among 
the  Indians.  In  the  eleventh  century  furs  had  become  fashionable  throughout  Europe. 
In  the  history  of  the  Crusades,  frequent  mention  is  made  of  the  magnificent  displays 
by  the  European  princes  of  their  dress  and  costly  furs  before  the  court  at  Constanti- 
nople. In  those  times  the  use  of  the  choicer  furs,  as  those  of  the  Ermine,  Sable,  the 
Vair  or  Hungarian  Squirrel  was  restricted  to  the  royal  familes  and  the  nobility. 
These  privileged  persons  applied  them  lavishly  to  their  own  use  —  the  extravagance 
had  grown  to  such  a  pitch,  that  seven  hundred  and  forty-six  ermines  were  required 
for  the  lining  for  a  surcoat  for  Louis  IX ;  the  fashion  extended  to  the  princes  of  less 
civilized  nations.  The  early  settlers  of  the  northern  provinces  of  North  America  soon 
learned  the  value  of  the  furs  of  the  numerous  animals  which  people  the  extensive 
rivers,  lakes  and  forests  of  the  vast  territories. 

In  this  county  we  procure  most  of  our  furs  from  the  semi-annual  sales  held  in 
Leipsig,  known  as  the  Eastern  Fair,  which  is  attended  by  purchasers  from  the  conti- 
nent, from  the  United  States  and  other  parts  of  the  world. 

In  1855,  many  choice  furs  were  received  in  New  York  from  the  Russian  American 


80  FURS. 

company  at  Sitka ;  it  being  thought  more  prudent  to  send  them  there,  than  to  risk 
their  reaching  St.  Petersburg}].  Among  the  packages,  was  a  camphor  wood  box  of 
about  three  feet  in  length,  bearing  the  stamp  of  the  Russian  government,  and  contain- 
ing four  hundred  small  skins  which  were  valued  at  $14,000.  The  highest  price  were 
those  almost  black,  which  were  rated  at  fifty  or  fifty-two  dollars  each.  A  cape  of  full 
size  would  require  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  of  these  skins.  Among  the  ftirs  and 
skins  from  the  United  States,  and  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  in  British  America, 
which  are  usually  on  exhibition  and  offered  for  sale  at  the  great  Eastern  Fair,  we  may 
mention  the  following: — Muskrat,  Beaver,  Otter,  Fisher,  Silver  Fox,  Red  Fox,  White 
Fox,  Martin,  Mink,  Sea  Otter,  Lynx,  Black  Bear,  Brown  Bear,  Gray  and  White  Bear, 
Raccoon,  Wolf,  Wolverine,  Skunk,  Wild  Cat,  and  Opossum. 


Beside  these  furs  of  American  origin,  the  principal  ones  are  the  Russian  Sable, 
everywhere  esteemed  as  the  most  beautiful,  costly  and  useful  Fur  the  Artie  zone 
produces ;  the  Baurn,  or  Pine  Martin ;  the  -Stone  Martin,  more  valuable  for  the 
excellent  quality  of  its  skin  than  the  beauty  of  its  fur ;  Ermine,  a  Siberian  and  Nor- 
wegian Fur,  the  whitest  known,  though  in  summer  the  animal  is  a  dingy  brown  ;  the 
European  Fitch,  or  Polecat,  a  Fur  remarkable  for  durability  and  smell,  which  it  is 
difficult  to  counteract;  the  Tartar  Sable,  of  which  the  tail  is  used  exclusively  for  artists' 
best  pencils ;  Nutria,  a  fur  used  exclusively  for  making  hats,  and  having  considerable 
resemblance  to  Beaver ;  Hamster,  a  German  fur ;  European  Gray  Hair,  and  the 
Chinchilla  a  native  of  South  America. 

The  skin  that  is  probably  the  most  extensively  used  is  that  of  the  Siberian  Squirrel. 
Of  these  little  animals,  not  much  larger  than  our  common  red  squirrel,  fifteen  millions, 
it  is  said,  are  every  year  captured  in  Russia.  Their  color  varies  from  a  pearl-gray  to 
a  dark  blue-gray. 

The  principal  Fur  trade  in  the  United  States  is  confined  to  comparatively  few  deal- 
ers, considering  the  immense  capital  invested.  Among  one  of  the  leading  firms 
established  in  the  city  of  New  York,  as  early  as  1832,  is  that  of  the  celebrated  house 
of  F.  W.  Lasak  &  Son.  For  many  years  -they  were  located  at  No.  19  John  Street. 
Few  persons  who  may  have  passed  through  that  street  will  fail  to  remember  Lasak's 
Fur  store,  at  the  sign  of  the  Golden  Lion,  and  the  great  White  Polar  Bear ;  the  former 
standing  over  the  entrance  way,  erect,  in  all  his  native  pride,  keeping  sentinel  watch ; 


LEATHER    AND    ITS    MANUFACTURE.  81 

the  latter  filling  the  entire  space  of  a  great  window,  before  whose  translucent  French 
plate  glass,  many  a  pedestrian,  of  either  sex,  has  lingered  for  a  moment. 

Lasak  &  Son  purchase  Furs  in  Europe  at  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  sales,  held 
in  London  —  in  Paris  and  at  the  Easter  Fairs  in  Leipsig ;  and  also  all  the  American 
Furs.  Their  capital  invested  in  the  business  is  large.  Their  sales  to  manufacturers 
in  New  York,  and  throughout  the  United  States,  in  Canada  and  the  British  provinces, 
are  very  extensive.  They  are  now  located  at  520  Broadway.  In  1862,  Mr.  Lasak 
established  a  branch  of  the  New  York  house  in  this  city,  at  No.  107  Kandolph  Street, 
under  the  firm  of  T.  B.  MOEEIS  &  Co,  where  every  article  in  Furs  may  be  had  of  the 
very  best  quality,  and  at  the  lowest  rates.  Every  article  sold  will  prove  just  what  it 
is  recommended.  Mr.  Morris  was  for  many  years  with  Mr.  Lasak  in  New  York, 
and  is  most  thoroughly  master  of  his  business.  They  have  connected  with  their  Fur 
trade,  Hats,  Caps,  Gloves,  etc. 

Look  for  the  "  John  Street  Polar  Bear,"  at  No.  107  Kandolph  Street. 


LEATHEE  AND  ITS  MANUFACTUKE, 


THE  manufacture  of  various  kinds  of  Leather .  is  considered  a  leading  pursuit  in 
Chicago.  The  abundance  of  bark,  the  abundance  and  low  price  of  hides  and  skins, 
have  facilitated  and  rendered  profitable  the  business  of  tanning.  The  two  principal 
processes  for  the  manufacture  of  Leather,  it  is  perhaps  needless  to  remark,  are  denom- 
inated Tanning  and  Currying.  The  latter  is  mainly  a  mechanical  process,  and  the 
former  a  chemical  one,  though  requiring  more  or  less  manipulation  in  order  to  facili- 
tate the  chemical  action.  There  are  several  firms  engaged  in  the  business  in  this  city 
—  one  very  extensive,  that  of  the  "Chicago  Hide  and  Leather  Company,"  organized 
in  1854,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $125,000,  W.  S.  Grurnee,  President,  and  C.  C.  Chase, 
Secretary.  The  sales  of  this  company  amounted,  in  1861,  to  $50,000,  more  than  the 
entire  product  of  the  whole  State  in  1840.  They  manufacture  twenty  thousand  hides 
and  ten  thousand  skins  annually  ;  employing  an  average  force  of  sixty  hands,  using 
twenty-five  hundred  cords  of  bark ;  their  sales  amounting  to  over  a  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion of  dollars  per  annum.  They  manufacture  Harness,  Bridle,  Collar  and  Sole 
Leather,  Kip  and  Calf  Skins. 

They  also  keep  on  sale,  Spanish  and  other  Sole  Leather,  of  the  best  New  York 
manufacture.  The  reputation  of  their  Leather  is  superior  to  any  in  market,  and  it  is 
sought  for  by  consumers  over  all  other  manufactured  in  the  West. 

11 


82  LEATHER  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURE. 

It  would  be  interesting,  did  our  space  admit,  to  note  and  trace  the  modus  operandi 
of  the  process  of  manufacture,  also  the  effects  of  the  various  improvements  which 
have  been  made  by  mechanical  means  in  the  manufacture  of  Leather.  The  steam 
engine  has  been  generally  introduced  into  the  factories  of  Leather  dressers  and  tan- 
ners, and  is  now  used  in  grinding  bark,  for  softening  hides,  and  in  giving  motion  to 
many  machines  for  washing,  glazing  and  finishing  Leather. 

The  skins  of  various  animals,  in  their  fresh  state,  are  flexible,  tough,  and  elastic, 
but -in  drying,  they  become  hard  and  horny.  The  art  of  restoring  the  supple  qualities 
to  skins,  and  rendering  them  durable,  appears  to  have  been  discovered  at  a  very  early 
period,  and  the  word  leather,  from  the  Saxon  lith,  lithe,  or  lither,  indicates  the  quality 
of  suppleness.  Leather  is  formed  by  the  chemical  union  of  the  cutis,  or  true  skin  of 
the  animal,  with  an  astringent  vegetable  substance  known  as  tannin,  or  tannic  acid. 
Leather  may,  however,  be  preserved  by  impregnating  the  skin  with  alum,  oil,  or 
grease.  In  the  animal  hide,  or  skin,  the  outer  part,  which  is  covered  with  hair  or 
wool,  is  called  the  epidermis,  or  cuticle,  below  which  is  the  reticulated  tissue ;  and  then, 
in  contact  with  the  flesh,  is  the  dermis,  or  true  skin,  which  is  the  only  part  which  ad- 
mits of  being  tanned,  and  varies  in  thickness  in  different  parts.  When  the  tannin, 
which  is  soluble  in  water,  is  applied  to  the  hides  of  animals,  from  which  the  hair,  epi- 
dermis, and  any  fleshy  or  fatty  parts  adhering  to  them  are  removed,  and  which  hides 
thencon  sist  wholly  of  gelatine,  also  soluble  in  water,  these  two  soluble  substances  so 
unite  chemically  as  to  form  the  whole  insoluble  substance  called  Leather. 

Of  the  ox-hides  which  are  converted  into  Leather,  those  supplied  by  bulls  are 
thicker,  stronger,  and  coarser  in  the  grain  than  those  of  cows,  while  the  hides  of  bul- 
locks are  intermediate  between  those  of  the  bull  and  the  cow.  Such  leather  is  em- 
ployed for  the  soles  of  boots  and  shoes,  for  many  parts  of  saddlery  and  harness,  for 
making  leather  trunks,  buckets,  hose  for  fire  engines,  pump-valves,  etc. 

Most  of  our  readers,  it  is  presumed,  are  acquainted  with  the  old  method  of  tanning, 
which  is  not  yet  entirely  abandoned.  The  process  has  been  expedited  by  the  use  of  a 
concentrated  solution  of  bark,  instead  of  mere  layers  of  bark  in  water.  The  varia- 
tions of  practice  among  different  tanners  extend  to  the  substances  used  as  astringents, 
as  well  as  to  the  manner  of  applying  them. 

The  various  substances  used  are,  oak  and  hemlock  bark,  valenia,  catochu,  or  terra- 
japonica ;  also  several  other  patent  and  secret  combinations  —  substances  which  are 
used  either  individually  or  in  various  combinations. 

The  quality  of  the  Leather  depends  upon  the  material  made  use  of  as  well  as  the 
manner  of  manufacture.  The  difference  in  quality  is  as  great  as  the  number  of  man- 
ufacturers. Therefore,  it  is  advisable  for  purchasers  of  Leather  to  know  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  manufacturer,  and  the  character  of  the  house  with  whom  they  deal.  In 
speaking  of  the  Chicago  Hide  and  Leather  Company,  we  have  but  a  word  to  add^ 
that  anything  that  Walter  II.  Gurnee  is  connected  with  can  be  relied  on  —  for  it  bears 
the  seal  of  public  confidence.  This  company  have  been  doing  business  in  Chicago 


CAPAKISONING. 


83 


for  the  last  eight  years,  and  wherever  their  products  go  throughout  the  North- West, 
they  carry  with  them  a  "  tower  of  strength."  Their  Office  and  Salesroom  is  located  at 
No.  45  "Wabash  Avenue,  in  Burch's  Building. 


CAPARISONING. 


horse  has  always  been  regarded  as  the  noblest 
_L  of  the  brute  creation,  and  he  has  from  the  begin- 
ing,  vindicated  his  claim  to  the  affection  of  man.  He  has 
mingled  with  the  sympathies,  and  affected  the  fortunes,  of 
the  greatest  and  the  best  of  men.  So  matchless  is  he  in  his 
proportions,  so  undaunted  in  his  courage,  so  lofty  in  his 
bearing,  so  firm  in  his  love,  so  defiant  in  his  pride,  and  so 
sublime  in  his  power,  that  he  seems  to  impart  to  man,  when 
he  bears  him  on  his  back,  a  glory  man  cannot  impart  to  him. 
No  wonder  he  has  been  thought  worthy  of  being  richly  capari- 
soned. From  the  early  periods  of  the  ancient  world,  all  na- 
tions have  been  proud  of  clothing  the  horse  in  rich  attire ; 
and  every  man  of  true  dignity  and  appreciation  would  spend 
his  money  with  greater  pleasure  in  putting  a  fine  harness 
upon  his  noble  steed,  than  he  would  in  putting  a  fine  gar- 
ment upon  himself.  Through  all  languages,  in  all  literatures 
are  strewn  the  records  of  the  wonderful  achievements  of  this 
companion  of  man,  who  seems  to  have  been  created 
especially  to  be  worthy  of  rendering  him  the  highest  service, 
and  commanding  from  him  the  most  endearing  affection. 
On  the  art  of  caparisoning  the  horse,  the  attention  of  every 
age  has  been  bestowed.  The  conquerors  of  nations,  and  the 
builders  of  empires ;  the  chieftains  of  state  and  the  masters  of  art  and  poetry  have 
considered  this  subject  worthy  of  their  best  attention.  Alexander  rewarded  the  man 
who  caparisoned  his  Buchephalus  appropriately  and  well,  with  his  treasure  and  his 
love.  Caesar  gave  a  farm  to  the  Roman  artisan  who  had  made  trappings  for  his  horse 
that  went  through  the  campaign  of  Gaul ;  and  Washington  wrote  grateful  letters  to 
the  man  that  made  the  saddle  in  which  he  rode  through  so  many  battles.  The  art  of 
saddlery  is  not  an  ignoble  one;  and  the  man  of  generous  qualities  looks  with  pleasure 


84  CAPARISONING. 

into  the  windows  of  a  saddler's  shop,  and  on  the  art  of  clothing  the  horse,  for  the  road 
or  the  battle-field.  The  manufacturer  of  saddlery  in  this  country  is  distinguished  from 
that  in  any  other  *part  of  the  world  by  the  immense  variety  of  styles  and  qualities 
which  are  produced.  We  are  informed  by  a  leading  manufacturer,  that  of  Saddles 
there  are  probably  not  less  than  five  hundred  various  styles  and  qualities,  with  a  pro- 
portionate quality  of  Bridles,  Bridle  Mountings,  Martingales,  Girths,  Circingles, 
Stirrups,  Leathers,  Saddle  Bags,  Medical  Bags,  etc.  Of  Harness  for  Coach,  Gig,  Dear- 
born, Sulky,  Stage,  and  Omnibus,  there  are  perhaps  three  hundred  styles  and  quali- 
ties ;  while  in  coarse  Harness,  for  Carts,  Drays,  Wagons  and  Plows,  there  is  also 
great  diversity. 

In  the  manufacture  of  these  articles,  Chicago  is  justly  proud  of  the  house  of  Messrs. 
Turner  &  Sidway,  located  at  No.  49  Lake  Street,  who  represent  the  largest  and  most 
reliable  firm  engaged  in  this  business  in  the  North-West. 

Previous  to  the  opening  of  their  establishment  in  1858,  there  had  been  no  attempt 
made  to  manufacture  Saddles  in  Chicago  for  the  wholesale  trade.  The  dealers  here 
depending  on  manufactories  in  the  east  for  their  supplies,  were  unable  to  offer  to  the 
trade  sufficient  inducements  either  in  price,  variety  or  quality  of  goods  to  draw  more 
than  a  very  small  part  of  that  business  that  naturally  belonged  to  Chicago,  and  among 
the  large  buyers  in  the  country,  hardly  any  one  thought  of  coming  to  Chicago  to  make 
his  principal  purchases ;  consequently  the  trade  had  to  be  attracted  here  from  other 
points,  and  although  times  were  hard  and  money  scarce  they  soon  succeeded  in  getting 
a  paying  trade. 

Confining  themselves  to  Saddles,  Horse  Collars,  Blankets,  Whips,  Bridles  and 
Patent-Leather  work — making  no  Harness — they  were  enabled  to  keep  ahead  of  com- 
petition from  those  whose  attention  and  capital  were  less  concentrated  than  their  own, 
as  they  generally  afforded  better  goods  for  the  same  price,  than  could  be  by  those 
who  sold  eastern  goods. 

From  season  to  season  business  increased  until  the  spring  of  1861,  when  the  break- 
in  out  of  the  war  prostrated  all  business,  until  there  was  a  demand  for  army  goods, 
when  Messrs.  T.  &  S.  were  among  the  first  to  receive  orders  from  Quartermaster 
General  Wood,  for  Knapsacks,  Haversacks,  Gun  accoutrements,  etc.,  and  when  the 
call  for  cavalry  was  made  they  received  the  first  order  given  for  equipments,  which 
were  for  Capt.  Barker's  Chicago  Dragoons  —  now  Gen.  McClellan's  body  guard.  This 
order  was  soon  after  followed  by  one  to  equip  Capt.  Shambeck's  company,  the  Hoff- 
man Dragoons.  The  quality  of  these  goods,  the  reasonable  price,  and  the  promptness 
in  furnishing  them,  soon  gave  them  an  enviable  notoriety,  which  resulted  in  orders 
pouring  in  on  them  from  all  sections,  until  the  middle  of  August ;  orders  were 
received  for  thousands  of  cavalry  equipments  that  they  could  not  supply,  although  at 
the  time  they  were  making  from  six  to  eight  hundred  per  week. 

Several  commanders  of  regiments  coming  to  the  city  and  remaining  for  days  trying 
to  induce  them  to  undertake  the  equipping  of  their  command ;  but  an  understanding 


DRY    GOODS.  85 

« 

with  Quartermaster  General  Wood,  that  the  State  of  Illinois  should  receive  their 
supplies,  in  preference  to  all  others,  prevented ;  although  the  prices  oifered  were 
generally  larger  than  those  paid  by  the  State,  and  in  many  cases  payment  was  oifered 
in  gold  on  the  delivery. 

This  rush  of  business  continued  until  January,  1862,  most  other  manufacturers 
having  stopped  in  October,  November,  or  December.  Messrs.  T.  &  S.  keeping  con- 
stantly employed  from  two  to  five  hundred  workmen,  and  making  in  all  about  fifteen 
thousand  complete  sets  of  Cavalry  equipments;  ten  thousand  Knapsacks;  forty  thou- 
sand Haversacks,  six  thousand  Gun  accoutrements,  Cartridge  boxes,  Belts,  etc.,  etc., 
which  in  the  aggregate  amounted  to  about  $600,000,  being  much  the  largest  business, 
in  this  line,  ever  done  in  the  United  States  in  the  same  length  of  time. 

The  business  of  army  supplies  being  over,  they  have  resumed  the  business  of  man- 
ufacturing Saddles,  Horse  Collars,  etc.,  for  the  trade,  at  No.  49  Lake  Street,  with 
increasing  facilities,  and  intending  to  make  it  better  for  dealers  in  this  line  to  buy  in 
Chicago  than  any  other  place  east  or  west. 


DRY  GOODS, 


THE  establishment  of  COOLET,  FAKWELL  &  Co.,  at  42,  44  and  46  "Wabash  Avenue, 
is  the  oldest  Wholesale  Dry  Goods  Jobbing  house  in  Chicago,  and  enjoys  a 
reputation  for  honorable  dealing,  and  every  other  requisite  *to  make  up  a  successful 
and  popiilar  house,  which  is  not  surpassed. 

The  cut,  on  the  opposite  page,  represents  their  ware-rooms,  which  are  constructed 
of  Athens  marble,  covering  a  space  of  60  by  120  feet,  and  six  stories  in  height. 
Altogether,  it  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  and  convenient  structures  for  a  dry  goods 
jobbing  business  West  of  New  York. 

There  is  but  few  houses  in  New  York  which  is  now  selling  a  larger  amount  of  dry 
goods  than  Cooley,  Farwell  &  Co.,  which  is  a  very  significant  fact,  both  as  regards 
the  business  ability  of  this  firm,  and  the  growing  preference  among  Western  mer- 
chants for  buying  goods  at  home.  The  probable  secret  of  this,  is,  that  they  buy  and 
sell  for  cash,  and  have  their  senior  member  of  the  firm  constantly  in  the  market  to 
secure  the  best  bargains. 

The  West  has  been  burdened  beyond  endurance,  in  past  years,  by  the  abuse  of  the 
credit  system,  till  experience  as  well  as  necessity  has  taught  them  that  John  Ran- 


u    I    J  i u'    |  'u  m   |   'LI  i  J   i   'LI  i \J       -q-rr 


I  .  .   I         I  .   .  I         I,-,!     ,  ,1    .   .    l~i     I 


HOOP    SKIRTS.  87 

dolph's  "philosopher's  stone"  —  "pay  as  you  go" — is  the  only  sure  guarantee  for 
commercial  prosperity. 

We  learn  that  this  firm  quite  recently  purchased  the  entire  production  of  one  of  the 
largest  print  works  in  New  England,  for  cash.  Such  facilities,  in  a  financial  view, 
will  at  a  glance  show  any  thorough-bred  merchant,  that  they  deserve  the  wide-spread 
reputation  they  have  so  well  earned  in  the  past,  as  successful  merchants,  and  mark 
their  house  as  the  leading  dry  goods  firm  of  the  North-Western  States.  While  the 
cash  system  is  adhered  to  strictly  in  buying  goods,  we  are  informed  that  in  fancy 
goods,  notions,  woolens,  etc.,  short  time  is  given  for  approved  paper. 

We  see  no  reason  why  such  houses  cannot  sell  goods  as  cheap  as  any  in  New  York. 
Expenses  are  much  lighter  in  Chicago,  and  freights  on  small  bills  are  always  higher 
than  for  large  consignments ;  so  that  the  retailer,  in  widening  the  distance  between 
him  and  the  source  of  his  supplies,  must  necessarily  increase  the  cost  of  his  goods, 
when  the  home  market  is  represented  by  merchants  equally  competent  to  command 
goods  at  the  lowest  prices  from  the  manufacturers. 

As  before  stated,  the  fact  that  they  are  making  such  large  sales,  is  conclusive  proof 
that  buyers  are  satisfied  that  Cooley,  Farwell  &  Co.  occupy  that  position,  and  are 
determined  to  improve  it  in  a  practical  way.  Chicago,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view, 
by  the  energy  and  public  spirit  of  such  houses,  is  fast  becoming  what  nature  has 
destined  her  to  be — the  metropolis  of  the  North-West.  Western  States  and  Western 
men  are  beginning  to  feel  a  just  pride  in  her  prosperity,  and  patronage  naturally 
follows  such  a  state  of  feeling  in  the  minds  of  all  who  hold  commercial  relations  with 
her.  This  must  continue  to  increase,  as  the  untold  natural  resources,  with  which  she 
is  surrounded,  (in  a  vast  country,  with  a  soil  and  climate  of  unsurpassed  richness  and 
salubrity,  held  firmly  in  its  embrace  with  iron  bands,  radiating  in  every  point  of 
the  compass),  shall  continue  to  be  developed  by  the  gathering  millions  that  are  seek- 
ing a  home  among  us. 


HOOP  SKIETS, 

TVTO  Business  better  illustrates  what  ingenuity  and  enterprise  can  do  for  it  than  the 
J-\  manufacture  of  Hoop  Skirts.  From  the  first  Crinoline  worn  by  the  Empress 
Eugenie  down  to  the  elegant  skeletons  of  the  present  day,  the  demand  for  expanding 
petticoats  has  been  steadily  increasing.  The  improvements,  too,  both  in  the  article 
itself  and  in  the  processes  of  manufacturing  them,  have  kept  pace  with  the  demand, 
until  now  there  seems  none  left  to  be  desired.  So  prolific  has  been  American  inge- 


88  HOOP   SKIRTS. 

nuity  in  this  line  of  invention,  that  the  Patent  Office  exhibits  nearly  as  many  models 
in  this  department  as  in  any  other. 

These  improvements  made,  with  the  active  competition  among  manufacturer!?,  have 
reduced  both  the  price  and  the  profits  to  the  lowest  point  of  a  paying  business.  The 
effect  has  been  to  bring  it  into  the  hands  of  a  few  leading  firms,  whose  superior  facili- 
ties and  large  capital  enable  them  to  compete  successfully  with  each  other. 

Their  enterprise,  under  the  lead  of  fashion,  has  pushed  forward  the  business  un- 
til their  sales  amount  to  millions  yearly,  and  extends  all  over  the  civilized  world. 

Among-those  who  engaged  in  the  business  at  its  first  introduction,  and  who  have  kept 
pace  with  its  growth,  none  have  taken  a  higher  position,  or  done  more  for  its  advance- 
ment, than  Messrs.  H.  De  Forest  &  Co.,  of  Birmingham,  Conn. 

Their  Skirts  have  from  the  first  had  a  high  reputation  for  elegance  and  style,  and 
for  the  superior  quality  of  the  material  used. 

They  were  the  first  to  introduce  those  elegant  Skirts,  now  so  popular,  made  with 
from  thirty  to  fifty  light  elastic  springs. 

The  other  manufacturers  had  confined  themselves  to  making  skirts  with  a  few  heavy, 
rigid  hoops,  clumsily  put  together,  until  they  brought  about  this  desirable  change. 
For  a  long  time  they  supplied  the  celebrated  house  of  A.  T.  Stewart  &  Co.,  of  New 
York  with  this  improved  style,  and  by  their  extended  sales  became  known  throughout 
the  Union. 

They  are  also  the  inventors  of  several  valuable  improvements  in  Skirts  and  in  the 
machinery  required  in  their  manufacture,  enabling  them  to  produce  a  more  durable  and 
elegant  article  at  a  less  price. 

The  various  operations  performed  on  the  material  before  a  complete  Skirt  is  pro- 
duced, with  the  improvements  they  have  made  in  that  direction,  are  highly  interesting 
and  worth  a  visit  to  see  them.  „ 

To  accommodate  their  Western  trade,  they  have  established  a  depot  and  branch 
manufactory,  for  supplying  dealers  only,  at  84  Lake  Street,  opposite  the  Tremont 
House,  under  the  management  of  one  of  the  firm,  Mr.  C.  T.  MORSE. 

They  will  at  all  times  keep  a  large  stock  there,  of  every  kind  of  Ladies'  and  Misses' 
sizes,  enabling  dealers  to  select  those  styles  best  adapted  to  their  trade  ;  and  should 
any  customer  desire  a  style  peculiar  to  his  market,  he  can  have  them  made  up  without 
delay.  These  are  opportunities  hitherto  not  to  be  found  west  of  New  York  City. 

With  the  facilities  which  they  possess  at  both  places,  and  from  their  long  experience 
and  reputation  as  manufacturers,  we  can  assure  our  readers  that  they  will  be  able  to 
purchase  of  them  on  as  favorable  terms  as  in  the  Eastern  market. 

By  purchasing  their  Skirts  nearer  home,  dealers  will  have  the  advantage  of  select- 
ing their  goods  often,  and  run  no  risk  of  accumulating  bad  styles.  This  remark  will 
apply  as  well  to  all  purchasers  of  dry  goods 

We  bespeak  for  the  firm  and  their  gentlemanly  representative  here  the  patronage 
of  our  readers,  assuring  them  that  they  will  be  honorably  and  liberally  treated. 


FANCY  LEATHER  GOODS, 


THIS  is  a  branch  of  business  which  may  be  regarded  as  yet  only  in  its  infancy  in 
Chicago ;  but  destined  to  become  one  of  considerable"  magnitude  at  no  distant 
day.  Considering  the  rapidly  increasing  demand  for  these  goods,  it  is  gratifying  to 
know  Chicago  is  actively  leading  in  an  enterprise  which  must  aid  in  eventually  ren- 
dering us  independent  of  Eastern  markets.  Large  quantities  of  these  goods  find  a 
ready  sale  in  this  city.  They  enter  into  almost  every  department  of  trade  —  the  drug- 
gist, the  jeweler,  the  banker,  the  dental  and  surgical  instrument  maker,  the  daguerrean 
case  and  cigar  case  manufacturer  —  they  are  kept  on  sale  by  the  fancy  goods  dealer, 
the  stationer,  and  in  almost  every  branch  of  trade. 

Formerly  these  goods  were  mostly  manufactured  in  Germany ;  for  several  years 
past,  extensive  manufactories  have  been  established  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 
In  1849,  Messrs.  STEOBEL  &  BROTHEB,  two  young  men  from  Germany,  com- 
menced business  in  Cincinnati,  for  the  manufacture  of  Fancy  Leather  Goods. 
During  the  last  two  or  three  years,  the  demand  for  this  class  of  goods  has  increased  to 
such  an  extent,  and  especially  from  the  North- West,  that  they  were  induced  to  open 
a  branch  establishment  in  Chicago.  One  of  the  brothers  devotes  his  whole  interest 
in  the  managing  of  this  house,  which  is  rapidly  becoming  a  representative  business 
We  found,  on  looking  through  their  stock  of  goods,  almost  every  article  of  utility  and 
beauty  that  art  and  genius  could  devise,  among  some  of  which  we  may  enumerate, 
Pocket  Books,  in  every  conceivable  style  and  size,  Portmonnaies,  Note  Cases  for  bank- 
ers, Trays  for  Show-cases  for  jewelry,  Morocco  Boxes,  for  silver-ware,  etc. ;  Dental, 
Surgical  and  Toilet  Cases.  We  were  also  shown  beautiful  specimens  of  imported 
fancy  Leather  Goods,  such  as  Ladies'  Purses,  Traveling  Bags,  Card  Cases,  Workboxes, 
Dressing  Cases,  Cigar  Cases,  and  every  article  manufactured  in  this  line  of  goods. 

Messrs.  Strobel  &  Brother  are  extensive  Importers  of  many  articles  in  this  line,  all 
of  which  they  claim  can  be  sold  for  less  prices  in  Chicago  than  they  can  be  purchased 
for  in  Eastern  markets,  including  charges  for  freight,  etc.  One  reason  that  they  have 
for  entertaining  this  opinion  is,  that  expenses  for  conducting  business  are  less  than  in 
most  Eastern  cities.  For  many  reasons,  which  we  have  not  the  space  here  to  cite,  it 
would  seem  evident  that  a  merchant  or  manufacturer  in  Chicago  can  afford  to  sell  at 
a  percentage  of  profit  which,  on  the  same  amount  of  business,  would  not  pay  under 
greatly  increased  expenses  elsewhere.  These  are  the  deductions  of  reason  and  com- 
12 


90  THE    ART    OF    BOOK-BINDING. 

mon  sense  —  the  laws  of  trade  and  commerce.  Hence  it  is  obvious  that  a  purchaser 
of  a  miscellaneous  stock  for  the  North-western  trade,  can  purchase  at  less  prices  at  the 
fountain  head,  where  goods  are  as  yet  in  first  hands.  If  there  be  an  atom  of  truth  in 
that  principle  of  political  economy  which  demonstrates  that  the  nearer  the  place  of 
production  the  cheaper  the  price,  they  will  discover,  as  thousands  of  North-western 
merchants  have  done,  that  Chicago  is  the  cheapest  seller  and  natural  distributor  of 
merchandise  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  North-west. 

Messrs.  Strobel  &  Brother  have  located  their  manufactory  here,  that  they  may  fully 
demonstrate  this  fact  to  Western  dealers.  Their  Store  and  Salesroom  is  located  at 
No.  76  Dearborn  Street. 


THE  ART  OF  BOOK-BINDING, 


A  NCIENT  books  seem  always  to  have  been  preserved  in  rolls.  They  were  merely 
_OL  groups  of  leaves  in  thin  skins,  or  some  kind  of  vegetable  membrane.  The  book- 
binder's art  was  a  very  primitive  one.  He  had  only  to  paste  or  glue  the  leaves 
together,  thus  forming  an  extended  sheet,  to  which  he  attached  a  cylinder,  around 
which  the  scroll  was  rolled.  Even  in  our  times  it  is  customary,  in  oriental  countries, 
to  write  on  strips  of  vellum,  sewed  together  in  one  continous  sheet,  with  rollers  at 
each  end,  clasped  with  silver  and  gold.  The  square  form  of  binding,  which  was  so 
great  an  improvement,  was  not  adopted  until  after  the  Christian  Era.  Long  before 
the  art  of  printing  was  introduced,  book-binding  had  reached  perfection,  and  very 
many  illustrated  missals  and  MSS.  of  the  Middle- Ages  are  still  preserved  in  the  great 
libraries  of  Europe,  in  binding  which  has  never  been  surpassed  in  durability,  artistic 
finish  and  taste.  It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years,  that  the  art  of  book-binding  has 
been  carried  on  in  its  most  advanced  and  beautiful  forms  in  this  country ;  but  the 
display  which  is  made  in  the  leading  American  book-stores  and  libraries,  is  fully  equal 
now  to  the  same  sights  in  Europe.  With  the  growth  of  the  business,  the  art  has  not 
only  advanced  in  every  department,  but  the  cost  of  book-binding  has  been  very  mate- 
rially reduced,  while  the  process  of  the  work  has  been  greatly  shortened.  In  this 
city,  men  of  wealth  and  taste  can  procure  their  rare  volumes  bound  in  accordance  with 
the  true  principles  of  the  art  —  that  is,  to  adapt  the  style  of  the  covering  to  the  con- 
tents of  the  volume. 

As  a  manufacture,  modern  book-binding  is  distinguished  for  the  extent  to  which 
machinery  has  been  employed,  and  the  consequent  rapidity  of  production.    Median- 


THE   ART   OF   BOOK-BINDING.  91 

ism  is  applied  to  block-gilding,  blind-tooling,  and  embossing ;  hydraulic  presses  are 
used  instead  of  old  wooden  screw  presses ;  cutting  machines  of  modern  manufacture, 
supersede  the  plow ;  cutting  tables  with  shears  are  now  used  for  squaring  and  cutting 
mill  boards  for  book  corners ;  and  machines  have  recently  been  invented  for  backing 
and  finishing.  The  binding  of  BLANK  BOOKS  is  a  distinct  but  important  branch  of  the 
general  trade.  In  the  manufacture  of  Account  Books,  foreigners  acknowledge  that 
Americans  excel  all  others ;  and  those  who  are  conversant  with  the  best  workman- 
ship executed  in  this  city  will  acknowledge  that  our  makers  are  not  surpassed  by  any. 
Every  variety  and  description  of  Blank  Books  for  merchants,  and  blanks  for  public 
offices  are  made  here,  from  the  cheapest  to  those  distinguished  as  indestructible,  which 
are  bound  in  Russia,  paneled,  and  edged  with  brass.  The  leading  establishments  em- 
ploy the  most  improved  machinery,  and  no  expense  is  spared  to  expedite  and  cheapen 
the  process  of  manufacture. 

Mr.  CYKUS  J.  WARD,  has  at  No.  136  Lake  Street,  the  largest  and  best  conducted 
establishment  in  Chicago.  There  are  none  where  more  volumes  are  turned  out,  none 
where  the  work  is  done  more  substantial,  or  in  finer  taste.  His  facilities  are  such  as 
to  embrace  every  kind  of  binding,  from  the  plainest  muslin  to  the  richest  and  most 
elaborate  styles,  while  in  his  Blank  Book  department  none  excel  him,  as  his  con- 
veniences are  such  that  he  can  equal,  if  not  exceed,  any  other  establishment  in  the 
binding  of  all  kinds  of  Railroad  Blanks,  County  and  Mercantile  Blank  Books,  of  every 
description. 

He  is  master  of  his  business,  devoting  his  whole  time  and  best  talent  for  its  devel- 
opment, and  making  prices  to  suit  the  times,  his  manufacturing  rooms  present  a  scene 
of  busy  life.  This  is  one  of  the  expanding  arts  now,  in  all  countries  where  the  Press  is 
unshackled.  With  the  perfect  liberty  it  enjoys  with  us,  the  increased  number  of  vol- 
umes to  be  boimd  every  coming  year  will  amount  to  millions.  The  increasing  taste 
and  demand  for  schools,  private  and  public  libraries,  the  increased  number  of  readers 
for  every  volume,  and  the  rapidly  growing  taste  for  reading  and  intelligence,  will  call 
for  a  constant  improvement  in  the  art  of  book-binding,  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  a 
great  and  well  educated  people. 

The  binders  of  this  city  have  peculiar  advantages  in  being  able  to  procure  many  of 
the  requisite  materials  direct  from  manufacturers  in  our  midst ;  except  book-binder's 
muslin,  which  is  made  only  by  one  house,  Messrs.  N.  M.  Abbott  &  Co.,  New  York 
city.  The  very  best  Morocco  that  can  be  obtained,  and  Marble  Paper  are  made  in 
Philadelphia,  and  Tar  boards  are  supplied  from  New  York. 

The  business  of  account  Book-binding  and  Ruling  in  this  city  amounts  to  about 
$175,000,  while  the  entire  Book-binding  including  Blank  Books,  exceeds  $350,000  as 
nearly  as  we  can  ascertain. 


THE  GIFT  OF  THE  GREAT  SPIRIT, 


FROM  the  "  Counterblast  to  Tobacco,"  by  King  James,  down  to  the  latest  Modern 
Reformers,  everybody  who  has  been  ambitious  of  parading  before  the  world  his 
claim  to  exhalted  virtue,  has  been  ranting  against  Tobacco.  By  the  naturalist  and  the 
man  of  taste,  it  is  considered  among  the  choicest  and  most  luxurious  gifts.  Like  the 
New  World  itself,  it  was  not  revealed  to  a  knowledge  of  mankind,  until  the  later 
periods  of  civilization.  One  of  the  most  characteristic  and  beautifully  executed  de- 
signs we  have  ever  seen,  represented  a  scene  in  the  primitive  life  of  the  aboriginal 
lords  of  our  forest,  when  they  received  the  tobacco  plant  from  the  Great  Spirit, 
accompanied  by  its  pendant,  in  which  an  Indian  maiden  offers  the  same  boon  to  a 
cavalier  of  England,  and  they  smoke  the  pipe  of  peace  together.  Tobacco  has  gone 
through  the  civilized  world,  and  become  one  of  those  luxuries  which,  when  once 
tasted,  will  be  enjoyed  forever.  Pit  against  it,  philosophy  ;  bring  whole  regiments  of 
chemists ;  parade  doctors,  arguments — and  yet  men  will  snuff,  chew,  and  smoke. 

Snuffing  is  considered,  in  Europe,  rather  an  elegant  and  courtly  accomplishment. 
Snuff  abounds  in  courts.  Kings  take  snuff;  emperors,  popes,  and  above  all,  diplo- 
matists. It  is  doubtful  whether  any  important  diplomatic  question  has  been  settled 
in  Europe,  for  two  centuries,  without  a  cross-fire  over  a  pair  of  snuff-boxes.  So,  too, 
they  smoke  ;  not  in  salons,  where  ladies  are  present  —  always  excepting  Holland  and 
the  entire  Dutch  world,  where  a  whole  country  is  saturated  with  smoke  —  and  very 
bad  tobacco  smoke  at  that — and  where  they  persist  in  smoking,  without  regard  to  sex, 
circumstances,  or  occasion.  The  manufactures  of  Tobacco  in  Chicago  are  limited  to 
cigars,  snuff  and  smoking  tobacco.  Chewing  tobacco  is  made  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  plantation ;  and  the  reason  that  so  much  inferior  quality  is  made,  is  that  the 
demand  exceeds  the  supply.  All  the  first  quality  grown  is  required  for  wrapping  the 
frost  bitten,  unripe,  and  otherwise  injured  leaves,  which  are  deposited  in  the  center  of 
the  plug.  About  one-third  of  the  leaf  tobacco,  for  making  cigars,  is  obtained  from 
Cuba ;  the  rest  is  of  American  growth.  The  Cuban  is  of  course  used  for  the  superior 
qualities.  The  best  cigars  are  known  by  their  pure  color  and  the  white  solidity  of 
the  ashes.  The  best  cigars  made  in  Chicago  need  only  the  foreign  brands,  and 
custom-house  marks,  to  sell  as  real  Havanas.  Machines  have  not  as  yet  been  found 
to  work  well.  A  Liverpool  house  is  said  to  have  a  patented  machine  in  operation, 


MILLINERY    GOODS.  93 

which  will  make  five  thousand  cigars  per  day ;  and  in  Prussia,  machines  are  exten- 
sively used,  which  is  one  reason  why  German  Cigars  are  so  cheap,  and  so  badly  made 
that  few  will  smoke. 

The  introduction  and  use  of  Tobacco  form  a  singular  chapter  in  the  history  of  man- 
kind. At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America,  Tobacco  was  in  frequent  tisc  among 
the  Indians,  and  the  practice  of  smoking  was  common  to  almost  all  the  tribes ;  and  by 
it  they  pretended  to  cure  a  great  variety  of  diseases. 

All  the  Sovereigns  of  Europe,  and  most  of  them  of  other  parts  of  the  world,  derive 
a  considerable  part  of  their  revenues  from  Tobacco.  Its  use  has  vastly  increased  in 
France  since  the  last  Duke  of  Orleans  set  the  fashion  of  smoking  in  the  streets.  The 
profit  the  government  derives  from  this  source  is  said  to  exceed  a  hundred  million 
francs. 

"We  are  acquainted  with  no  man  in  the  "West,  who,  as  a  merchant  and  a  student  of 
this  delicious  weed,  has  mastered  it  so  thoroughly  as  Mr.  JAMES  DUFFY,  the  gentle- 
manly proprietor  of  the  popular  Tremont  House  Cigar  Store,  and  also  the  favorite 
establishment  on  Clark  Street,  where  the  best  Tobacco  in  all  its  forms  may  always  be 
found.  These  two  establishments  are  known  by  every  consumer  of  the  delicious  gift 
of  the  Great  Spirit,  who  seek  their  supplies  in  this  market,  either  for  private  use,  or 
to  re-sell.  Mr.  Duffy  has  been  a  resident  of  Chicago  about  fourteen  years.  He  found 
the  merchandise  of  Tobacco  in  this  city  in  the  hands  of  adulterators,  tricksters,  deceiv- 
ers, and  impostors.  He  took  it  out  of  their  hands ;  he  became  the  master  of  the 
business ;  and  now  everybody  who  knows  enough  to  do  it,  or  who  cares  anything  for 
his  life  or  personal  comfort,  goes  to  Duffy  for  Tobacco  in  all  its  forms,  with  the  abso- 
lute certainty,  that  what  bears  the  mark  he  puts  on  it,  is  the  thing  it  pretends  to  be. 

His  establishments  are,  No.  4  Tremont  Block,  and  'No.  37  Clark  Street. 


MILLINERY  GOODS, 

SOME  one  says,  "  Commerce  is  King."  Not  so  —  Fashion  is  King.  Fashion  is 
King  everywhere ;  from  policies  of  princes  down  to  the  circumference  of  hoops, 
the  number  of  flounces  on  a  woman's  dress,  or  the  bonnet  she  wears  upon  her  head. 
Trade,  commerce,  agriculture,  science,  art  and  literature,  are  all  conducted  after  a 
fashion.  A  man  or  woman  is  clad  from  head  to  foot  after  a  fashion.  No  matter  what 
is  comfort  or  necessity,  everything  must  have  a  degree  of  fashion.  "  To  be  out  of 
the  fashion  is  to  be  out  of  the  world,"  is  no  joke.  "We  are  all  governed  by  omnipotent 
fashion  —  a  fashion  that  has  exemplars  and  imitators.  Fashion  is  a  most  imperious 


94  MILLINERY    GOODS. 

ruler  ;  and  the  only  way  to  get  justice  is  to  follow  the  fashion.  Fashions,  like  poli- 
ticians, keep  "  bobbing  around  "  in  such  a  metamorphosis,  that  it  is  difficult  to  keep 
consecutive  trace  of  their  changing  hues  and  forms.  Fashions  range  through  three 
circles  —  the  offensive,  the  absurd  and  the  admirable.  In  the  offensive,  among  other 
things,  they  filthily  descend  to  street  sweeping.  In  the  absurd,  skirts  swell  intermi- 
nably over  hoops,  or  are  lost  in  flounces,  while  bonnets  are  hung  upon  balls  of  hair  at 
the  back  of  the  head.  In  the  admirable,  woman  appears  the  "  visible  angel  "  that  she 
always  should  be,  fragrant  and  smiling,  like  a  beautiful  flower,  whose  costume  and 
color  God  has  given  in  harmony  with  its  character  and  sphere.  In  the  empire  of 
fashion,  the  leaders,  high-priests  and  oracles  —  are  few;  but  their  influence  how 
potent ! 

The  Empress  Eugenie  says  to  herself,  "  Let  the  world  of  women  put  on  a  new  bon- 
net." And  forthwith  the  Queen  of  England,  the  Empress  of  Austria  and  Russia,  and 
the  Queen  of  Prussia,  (all  of  whom  look  upon  the  paroenue  Empress  with  mingled 
feelings  of  aversion,  fear  and  contempt)  bend  in  this  matter  to  her  authority.  And 
not  only  they,  but  without  the  aid  of  government  couriers  to  circulate  it,  heralds  to 
proclaim  it,  or  officers  to  enforce  it,  the  silent  edict  is  borne  by  steamboat,  by  railroad 
car,  by  stage  coach,  by  pone  express,  to  all  parts  of  the  earth ;  and  all  women,  from  the 
wives  of  our  merchant-princes,  who  recognize  no  one  for  mistress,  who  are  not  the 
subjects  of  any,  and  who  have  never  looked  upon  a  superior,  to  the  thousands  who 
never  heard  of  the  name  of  Eugenie,  hasten  to  render  it  prompt  and  willing  obedience. 
Ladies'  bonnets  are  very  interesting  things  —  not  only  to  the  dear  creatures  who  wear 
them,  or  the  lovers  who  glance  under  them  with  such  bewildering  anxiety,  but  also  to 
the  fathers  and  husbands  who  pay  for  the  wonderful  fashions. 

There  are  inventors  des  modes,  among  all  classes  and  trades,  yet  only  a  few  in  each 
branch  who  are  capable  of  being  leaders.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  department  of  com- 
merce in  which  fashion  is  more  imperious  than  in  Millinery  and  Dress-making. 
Among  the  leaders  in  this  branch  of  industry  in  Chicago,  there  is  none  who  is  con- 
sulted more  by  the  elite  among  our  citizens  than  Mrs.  CAKY,  at  No.  90  Lake  Street. 
Her  importations  are  of  the  latest  styles,  her  arrangements  are  such  with  leading 
establishments  in  New  York,  that  every  new  article  in  her  line,  and  every  change  in 
the  fashions  reach  her  within  thirty-six  hours  after  their  arrival  from  Paris.  Among 
some  of  the  leading  articles  to  be  found  at  Mrs.  Gary's  we  may  mention,  Straw  Goods, 
Bonnets,  Ribbons,  Flowers,  Laces,  Velvets,  Silks,  Head-Dresses,  Hoop  Skirts,  Super- 
fine made  Corsets,  Dress  Patterns  in  every  variety,  for  ladies  and  children.  Mrs. 
Cary  keeping  a  large  stock  constantly  on  hand,  is  enabled  to  supply  the  trade  with 
many  articles  at  New  York  prices. 

Mrs.  Cary  has  recently  had  her  store  enlarged,  and  elegantly  re-fitted  up  for  the 
better  accommodation  of  her  rapidly  increasing  patrons. 

In  Chicago,  there  are  about  sixty  Millinery  establishments,  employing  about  three 
hundred  hands,  and  requiring  a  capital  of  about  $175,000. 


AMERICAN   PROFICIENCY   IN   ILLUSTRATION.  95 

We  have  no  extensive  manufacturers  in  Chicago  of  Straw  Goods,  Artificial  Flowers 
or  Bonnet  Frames ;  these  are  principally  made  in  eastern  cities.  Many  of  the  Bonnets 
sold  in  this  city  are  those  which  have  been  made  in  eastern  cities,  there  offered  for 
sale  until  the  fashion  had  changed,  or  about  changing,  and  then  sent  to  Chicago  and 
other  western  cities  and  towns,  and  palmed  off  on  the  public  as  the  latest  styles. 
Ladies  in  purchasing  Millinery  articles  should  always  consult  some  reliable  dealer. 
The  lady  who  wishes  to  dress  fashionably,  does  not  ask  what  was  worn,  but  what  is. 

Mrs.  Gary  enjoys  the  fullest  confidence  of  the  public,  and  it  gives  us  pleasure  in 
making  reference  to  her  as  the  leader  in  fashion,  in  Millinery  and  Dress-making. 


AMERICAN  PROFICIENCY  IN  ILLUSTRATION, 


¥OOD  ENGRAVING  is  an  ancient  art — long  preceding  the  art  of  printing. 
The  discovery -*or  invention  shall  we  call  it?  —  of  the  art  of  printing  had 
already  been  anticipated  by  the  "Wood  Engraver's  art.  Indeed,  it  may  be  said  it  was 
the  Engraver  who  first  suggested  the  use  of  wooden  letters,  as  well  as  wooden  blocks, 
in  multiplying  figures  ;  for  Faust  called  the  Engraver  (already  in  existence)  to  his  aid 
in  manufacturing  his  first  "  font "  of  types.  It  was  not  long  after  book  illustration 
commenced  ere  the  Graver's  art  became  an  art  feature  of  each  generation.  For  many 
years  the  wood  cut  has  acted  a  most  important  part  in  art  and  literature,  absorbing  in 
its  design  and  engraving,  some  of  the  best  artistic  and  mechanical  talent  of  the  gene- 
rations past ;  while  for  the  present,  it  is  its  own  best  exponent.  At  this  time  some  of 
the  most  unquestionable  art  genius  of  the  age  is  laboring  in  this  department,  as  their 
achievements  fully  attest. 

"  Illustrated  ~books "  and  "  illustrated  advertisements "  are  as  necessary  as  books 
themselves,  or  capital  for  conducting  business  successfully  —  for  in  many  cases  they 
are  capital,  and  if  expensive,  are  growing  in  popularity  from  day  to  day.  It  is  no 
longer  a  question  —  will  it  add  to  the  interest  and  value  of  a  book  to  illustrate  it  well  ? 
—  will  it  add  to  the  value  of  an  advertisement  to  be  illustrated  ?  That  it  will,  is 
regarded  as  a  matter  of  fact.  In  this  city  there  has  sprung  up,  during  the  last  few 
years,  a  demand  for  a  superior  style  of  Wood  Engraving,  which  called  for  the  best 
powers  and  developed  the  highest  capabilities  of  the  art.  Mr.  BAKER,  in  a  grea 
degree,  has  supplied  that  demand,  and  as  it  increases,  he  is  extending  his  facilities, 
until  he  has  at  the  present  time  one  of  the  most  efficient  establishments  in  this  city. 


96  WHOLESALE   GROCERIES. 

His  orders  are  received  from  every  quarter  of  the  North- West ;  for  his  reputation  as  a 
Wood  Engraver  is  everywhere  acknowledged. 

The  highest  and  most  difficult  range  of  Wood  Engraving  consists  in  landscape 
scenery,  and  historical  pieces.  Wood  is  capable  of  developing  any  effect  which  can 
be  brought  out  of  steel  or  copper,  with  the  single  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  mezzo- 
tint, which  is  neither  prized  nor  appreciated,  except  by  a  practiced  artistic  eye. 

Wood-Engraving  is  superior  to  a  lithograph,  or  a  work  on  copper  or  steel ;  first  in 
the  greater  rapidity  and  ecpnomy  with  which  they  can  be  transferred,  stereotyped, 
and  put  in  various  forms  by  which  they  can  be  multiplied  ad  injmitum,  preserving  the 
original  work  of  the  artist,  which  is  never  destroyed.  Mr.  Baker  is  one  of  the  most 
enterprising  and  best  Wood  Engravers  in  the  North-West.  For  several  years,  in  this 
city,  he  has  made  himself  a  reputation  for  Wood  Engraving  second  to  no  other  artist. 

His  rooms  are  located  on  the  north-east  corner  of  Clark  and  Randolph  Streets,  oppo- 
site the  Sherman  House. 


WHOLESALE  GROCEKIES.  . 

wholesale  Grocery  business  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of  trade 
_L  in  this  city.  It  dates  its  commencement  about  the  year  1842.  A  great  impetus 
was  given  to  it  by  the  opening  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  in  1848,  and  it  has 
steadily  increased  with  the  extension  of  the  various  lines  of  railroads  into  the  interior, 
until  it  has  now  some  thirty -five  firms  engaged  in  the  business,  (most  of  them  on  South 
Water  Street,)  doing  a  business  amounting  to  probably  over  ten  million  dollars. 

All  goods  in  this  line  are  sold  at  very  low  figures  ;  no  branch  of  trade  in  this  city 
sells  their  goods  at  so  small  a  margin  over  eastern  prices  or  cost  of  manufacturing 
them  as  do  the  wholesale  Grocery  trade.  The  merchants  engaged  in  this  business 
are  among  the  most  reliable,  active  and  enterprising  men  of  our  city;  most  of  them  have 
built  themselves  up  from  small  beginnings,  and  have  done  much  to  enhance  the  wel- 
fare and  prosperity  of  the  community  and  state  in  which  they  live.  A  large  capital 
is  invested  in  this  business,  and  the  leading  houses  buy  their  goods  for  cash :  this  with 
the  facilites  they  have  of  getting  their  freights ^from  the  sea-board  at  the  lowest  figuers 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year  (often  as  low  as  fifteen  to  twenty  cents  per  one  hundred 
pounds)  enables  them  to  lay  down  goods  here  and  sell  them  at  prices  that  will  defy 
competition  in  any  market. 

Among  the  leading  houses  in  this  line  of  business  stands  the  well  known  firm  of 
WILLIAMS,  SMITH  &  Co.,  No.  45  South  Water  Street.  This  old  and  popular  house 


PAPER    BOXES.  97 

has  gained  a  high  reputation  with  the  trade,  for  its  fairness  and  candor  in  dealing. 
The  firm  is  composed  of  John  C.  "Williams,  Washington  Smith,  and  Samuel  Bliss,  the 
senior  partners  being  old  and  well  known  merchants  in  Chicago.  The  house  was 
established  by  Mr.  Williams,  whose  name  stands  first  in  the  firm,  in  1843,  over  nine- 
teen years  ago,  and  is  now  one  of  the  oldest  Grocery  houses  in  the  city. 

They  keep  an  extensive  stock  pf  both  staple  and  fancy  Groceries,  comprising  a 
greater  variety  than  is  usually  found  in  wholesale  houses.  For  the  successful  man- 
agement of  their  large  and  increasing  trade,  they  occupy  the  whole  of  one  of  the 
largest-class  stores  in  the  city,  measuring  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep,  twenty- 
seven  feet  wide,  and  five  stories  high,  with  a  cellar,  making  six  entire  floors,  which 
are  constantly  filled  with  the  various  kinds  of  merchandise  in  their  line.  Their  ample 
means,  and  long  experience  in  the  trade  as  buyers,  enables  them  to  compete  with  any 
house  in  the  west ;  and  the  straight  forward,  honorable  course  in  which  they  conduct 
their  business  has  gained  for  their  establishment  the  high  and  wide- spread  reputation 
it  sustains  of  a  first  class  house. 

They  buy  their  goods  for  cash  and  sell  them  for  cash,  or  on  short  time  prompt  pay. 
They  give  particular  attention  to  the  sale  of  TEAS,  and  are  the  agents  of  the  celebrated 
JOSEPH  ALLEN'S  GEBMAN  OLIVE  EEASIVE  SOAP,  of  which  they  sell  large  quantities,  and 
is  known  for  good  in  the  household,  throughout  the  west;  and  are  also  agents  of  WOL- 
SEY'S  ENGLISH  SALEEATTJS,  which  for  purity  and  strength  takes  the  lead  wherever  it 
is  once  introduced.  Merchants  through  the  west  can  fall  into  no  better  hands  than 
Williams,  Smith  &  Co.  in  sending  their  orders  by  mail,  or  making  purchases  when  in 
market  themselves. 


PAPER  BOXES. 


AS  civilization  advances,  and  commerce  extends  her  boundaries,  just  in  proportion 
do  the  wants  of  the  people  increase  for  articles  of  luxury  and  utility.  Only  a  few 
years  ago,  all  the  small  articles  in  the  Dry  Goods,  Millinery,  Druggist  and  Fancy 
Goods'business,  were  put  up  in  paper  packages.  At  the  present  day,  if  the  manufac- 
turer would  compete  with  his  rival  in  the  same  line  of  business,  he  finds  it  necessary 
to  procure  neat,  and  in  most  cases,  elegant  Boxes,  in  which  to  place  his  goods  before 
the  public  for  sale. 

The  demand  for  Boxes,  for  all  purposes,  renders  the  variety  seemingly  unlimited  — 
Boxes  for  Fancy  Hosiery  and  Gloves,  Shoes  and  Parasols ;  Boxes  for  Shirts,  Bosoms 

13 


98  PAPER   BOXES. 

and  Collars ;  Boxes  for  Artificial  Flowers,  Ruches  and  other  Millinery  goods ;  Boxes 
for  Brushes  and  Combs ;  for  Perfumery  and  Fancy  Soaps ;  for  Envelopes,  Pencils  and 
other  Stationery ;  Confectionery  Boxes,  Jewelry  Boxes,  Pill  Boxes,  and  Boxes  for 
almost  every  fancy  article  that  is  presented  to  the  public  for  sale.  For  any  person 
who  may  have  visited  that  gay  Capital  of  the  old  world,  to  stroll  through  the  shops 
and  fancy  stores  on  Lake  street,  might  almost  imagine  they  were  again  on  the  "  Bou- 
levard." All  these  different  descriptions  and  varieties,  from  the  commonest  and 
cheapest  up  to  the  most  elaborately  ornamented,  are  made  in  this  City,  by  Mr. 
FREDERICK  WEIGLE,  at  No.  103  Lake  Street,  who  served  his  apprenticeship  to  the 
business  in  Europe,  and  consequently  is  master  of  it.  There  are  two  or  three  other 
establishments  in  this  city  engaged  in  this  business  on  a  limited  scale. 

A  description  of  Mr.  Weigle's  will  illustrate  the  manufacture  of  the  business.  It 
consists  of  three  floors  in  all ;  each  one  is  appropriated  to  its  own  peculiar,  separate 
and  distinct  operations.  The  first  floor  of  this  establishment,  which  is  up  one  flight 
of  stairs  from  the  sidewalk,  is  chiefly  occupied  as  a  warehouse,  counting-house,  etc. 
On  the  next  floor,  the  large  Boxes,  which  require  sewing,  are  made  up  and  finished. 
In  this,  and  in  other  rooms,  are  shears  of  various  sizes  and  patterns,  and  machinery 
for  cutting,  with  rapidity,  pasteboards  into  the  lengths  and  widths  required.  The 
next  story  is  devoted  to  another  description  of  work,  and  has  machinery  for  a  variety 
of  purposes ;  such  as  cutting  boards  into  circular  pieces  for  tops  and  bottoms  of  round 
Boxes,  machinery  for  scoring  and  cutting  out  the  corners,  preparatory  to  making 
square  Boxes,  etc. 

The  cheapness  with  which  boxes  can  be  made  is  remarkable.  Some,  of  very  neat 
appearance,  can  be  made  for  about  twelve  cents  per  dozen  ;  and  yet  each  is  made  of 
several  separate  pieces,  and  each  has  to  be  many  times  handled,  colored  or  fancy 
paper,  labelled  and  packed ;  although  most  of  the  manipulations  must  be  done  by 
hand,  yet  within  the  last  few  years  a  great  variety  of  machinery  has  been  invented  for 
the  purpose,  which  gives  increased  facilities  to  the  operations. 

The  Pasteboard  is  mostly  obtained  from  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  costs, 
upon  an  average,  sixty  dollars  per  ton.  The  glazed  and  fancy  papers,  of  which  the 
consumption  is  considerable,  are  principally  imported. 

Mr.  Weigle  makes  every  description  of  Boxes,  and  not  only  supplies  in  part  this 
City,  but  executes  orders  from  other  cities  and  towns  in  the  "West.  Whenever  a  large 
order  is  given  by  our  merchants  and  manufacturers  for  Paper  Boxes,  Mr.  Weigle  is  the 
man  sought  for,  on  account  of  his  facilities  for  producing,  and  integrity  in  business 
transactions.  The  whole  business  employs  about  twenty  hands. 


LITHOGRAPHY  IN  CHICAGO. 


THE  discoverer  or  rather  inventor  of  this  beautiful  art  was  SENEFELDEE,  an  actor  at 
the  Theatre  Royal,  Munich.  This  ornamental  art,  of  so  much  service  to  the  use- 
ful arts,  is  so  nearly  allied  to  engraving,  that  it  might  be  treated  as  a  branch  thereof 
—  being,  in  fact,  engraving  on  stone,  or  surface  engraving.  The  stone  used,  posses- 
ses in  a  high  degree,  calcareous  qualities  similar  to  limestone,  and  absorbs  to  a  certain 
extent  the  only  substances  that  are  used  to  give  the  drawings  sufficient  adhesiveness 
to  resist  the  friction  of  printing.  These  are  Lithographic  chalk,  and  Lithographic  ink. 
They  are  composed  of  tallow,  virgin  wax,  soap,  shellac,  and  colored  with  lamp-black. 
The  principal  styles  in  Lithography,  are  Linear  and  Crayon  drawings,  transfers  on 
Stone  from  Steel  or  Copper-Plate  engravings,  Wood  cuts,  or  from  Lithographic  draw- 
ings tJiemselves.  * 

The  art  of  Lithography  has  in  no  portion  of  the  world  been  brought  to  greater  per- 
fection than  in  the  United  States,  or  perhaps  we  might,  with  perfect  propriety,  say  in 
Chicago.  This  we  owe  in  a  great  extent  to  Mr.  EDWAED  MENDEL,  whose  establish- 
ment occupies  the  two  upper  floors  of  Burch's  Bank  building,  corner  of  LaSalle  and 
Lake  Street,  who  has  executed  some  of  the  most  impressive,  beautiful,  bold,  and 
artistic  works  that  have  ever  been  produced  by  this  process. 

This  establishment  has  been  in  operation  in  this  city  for  the  last  twelve  years ;  and 
is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  complete  in  all  its  departments  on  this  continent.  Mr. 
Mendel  employs  a  capital  exceeding  $50,000,  including  presses,  material,  etc.,  furn- 
ishing employment  to  some  forty  or  fifty  hands  in  the  several  departments.  They 
produce  every  description  of  printing,  in  colors  and  plain,  Show  Cards,  Music,  Title 
Pages,  Landscape  views,  Lakes,  Portraits,  etc. ;  also,  all  kinds  of  Commercial  Blanks, 
such  as  Notes,  Drafts,  Certificates  of  Stocks,  and  Deposits ;  Railroad,  County  and 
State  Bonds,  Diplomas  for  Agricultural  Societies  and  Colleges,  in  fact  everything 
pertaining  to  the  art,  may  be  found  in  process  of  production  in  this  representative 
establishment  of  Mr.  Mendel's.  Having  always  employed  the  best  art-talent  in  this 
department,  he  has  produced  work  that  has  given  to  his  name  a  popularity  with 
Bankers,  Insurance  and  Railroad  organizations  throughout  the  North-West,  that  is 
everywhere  acknowledged  and  duly  appreciated. 

The  great  variety  of  specimens  of  Yignettes,  and  other  embellishments,  for  every 
kind  of  bank  and  commercial  purposes,  renders  it  an  easy  matter  for  any  person  to 


100  SAIL    LOFTS,    ROPE,    CORDAGE    AND   TWINE. 

select  designs  suitable  for  their  purpose.  As  the  cost  of  procuring  new  designs  is  ex- 
pensive, it  is  a  matter  of  consideration  to  have  a  choice  selection  to  choose  from,  in 
point  of  expediency  and  economy. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  art  which  embraces  within  its  range  so  great  a  variety  of  styles 
as  Lithography.  The  productions  of  the  pencil,  the  crayon  and  the  graver,  are  all 
represented  in  the  various  methods  of  this  useful  and  beautiful  art.  The  word  Litho- 
graph, signifying  writing  upon  stone,  is  a  general  term,  including  processes  so  entirely 
dissimilar  as  to  require  the  employment  of  artists  especially  educated  for  the  different 
branches  or  departments  of  the  business ;  thus  in  the  production  of  Commercial 
Blanks,  the  lettering,  vignettes  and  other  embellishments,  are  cut  or  engraved  upon 
the  stone  by  much  the  same  process  that  is  employed  on  copper  and  steel  plate.  The 
lettering  for  Maps  is  usually  done  by  the  same  process.  Other  varieties  of  work  are 
wrought  upon  the  stone  with  a  peculiar  kind  of  pen,  designed  for  the  purpose ;  while 
large  Pictures,  such  as  Portraits,  Landscapes,  Views,  and  other  varieties,  are  drawn 
with  crayons  upon  the  stone,  and  subsequently  so  affixed  by  a  chemical  process,  that 
impressions  of  the  designs  are  obtained  with  the  same  facility  as  from  an  engraved 
surface.  The  designs  for  subjects  requiring  a  variety  of  colors,  are  sometimes  pro- 
duced in  this  way ;  although  in  the  finer  class  of  color  work,  the  design  is  wrought 
with  the  pen.  Impressions  are  produced  by  a  peculiar  kind  of  press,  designed  es- 
peciaily  for  this  purpose.  Our  limited  space  will  not  allow  us  to  enter  into  full  detail 
of  all  the  various  processes  employed  in  the  art,  which  rivals  in  one  department  the 
best  efforts  of  the  pencil  and  the  crayon ;  and  in  another,  bids  fair  to  contend  for  sn- 
remacy  with  the  proudest  creations  of  Steel  Plate  Engraving,  at  a  great  reduction  of 
cost. 

A  visit  to  the  rooms  of  Mr.  Mendel,  by  those  who  may  be  interested  in  these  mat- 
ters, will  make  them  acquainted  with  all  the  facts  pertaining  to  this  art  of  so  much 
utility  and  beauty. 


SAIL  LOFTS,  KOPE,  COKDAGE  AND  TWINE, 


TjlEW  great  cities  present  such  commercial  attractions  as  Chicago,  and  few  commer- 
J]  cial  houses  represent  so  great  and  important  an  interest  as  the  one  of  which  this 
article  will  illustrate.  Chicago  is  the  commercial  centre  of  the  J^orth-West,  with 
a  population,  to-day,  of  more  than  nine  millions  of  souls,  which  has  sprung  into  exis- 
tance,  and  developed  the  proportions  for  an  empire,  since  the  war  of  1812,  situated  at 


SAIL    LOFTS,    ROPE,    CORDAGE    AND   TWINE.  101 

the  head  of  a  vast  chain  of  inland  seas,  upon  which  floats  a  marine  of  more  than  fifteen 
hundred  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  of  nfearlyjxmr  hundred  thousand  tonnage,  employ- 
ing more  than  eighteen  thousand  men.  At  the  present  time  there  are  sixty-five 
more  vessels  on  the  stocks  in  process  of  building,  many  of  these  at  the  different  ports 
on  the  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  and  most  of  them,  as  is  the  case  with  most  of  the 
ship  building  on  this  lake,  are  supplied  with  their  tackling  by  the  leading  commercial 
houses  in  this  city.  The  principal  and  leading  one  is  that  of  Messrs.  GILBERT  HTJBBARD 
&  Co.,  who  occupy  that  massive  iron  structure  of  architectural  grandeur,  which  will 
defy  the  desolation  of  time  and  the  spoil  of  ages,  located  on  the  corner -of  South  Water 
and  "Wells  Streets.  If  the  reputation  they  have  already  attained,  for  sagacious,  care- 
ful and  honorable  merchants,  shall  continue  as  unsullied  by  the  hand  of  time,  as  the 
iron  building  they  occupy,  long  will  they  be  proudly  numbered  with  merchant  princes. 
The  importance  of  a  great  house  of  this  character  located  in  Chicago,  and  the  extent 
of  their  trade  is  significant  of  the  rapidly  developing  marine  interest  of  our  inland 
seas. 

This  house  have  the  largest  and  best  selected  stock  of  all  the  various  articles  in 
their  line,  of  any  establishment  in  the  North- West,  which  they  furnish  the  trade  at 
prices  comparing  favorably  with  New  York  or  Boston  houses. 

Among  other  articles  may  be  found,  Twines,  Cordage,  Manilla  and  Tarred  Rope, 
Sail,  Duck,  Bags,  Bagging  and  Burlaps,  Wool,  Seine  and  Gill  Net  Twines,  Nets  and" 
Seines,  Oakum,  Tar,  Pitch,  Paints,  Oils,  Chains,  Anchors,  Tackle  Blocks,  etc.,  etc. 
Coal-Tar,  Roofing-Pitch  and  Felting,  Awnings,  Banners,  Flags  and  Ensigns,  always 
on  hand,  and  made  to  order. 

Their  long  experience  makes  them  masters  of  the  business  in  all  its  minute  details, 
as  most  of  the  sailing  masters  of  the  upper  lakes  can  attest ;  their  large  capital  ena- 
bles them  to  produce  the  best  articles  at  the  lowest  price. 

The  term  Cordage  usually  comprehends  all  the  various  sizes  of  rope,  cords,  twines, 
lines,  etc.  The  materials  of  which  they  are  manufactured  are  Manilla,  Russian,  Italian 
and  American  hemp;  and  for  fishing  cordsr  and  twines,  cotton,  flax,  and  the  best 
qualities  of  Linen  thread.  Manilla  hemp  is  the  fibrous  inner  bark  of  a  species  of 
plantain,  growing  in  the  Phillipine  Islands,  whence  it  is  imported  into  this  country. 
The  American  used,  is  grown  chiefly  in  Missouri  and  Kentucky.  A  considerable 
amount  of  Russian  hemp  is  also  used,  and  Jute  is  now  employed  to  a  considerable 
extent,  in  the  manufacture  of  cords,  bagging,  etc.  This  firm  represents  every  article 
of  cordage,  from  the  finest  fishing  line  to  the  largest  cable  used,  and  every  conceivable 
article  used  in  the  rigging  of  a  vessel.  During  the  last  few  months  they  have  been 
giving  employment  to  one  luindred  hands,  in  manufacturing  Tents,  Camp  Bedsteads, 
Flags,  Banners,  and  other  camp  and  naval  articles,  for  'the  armies  of  the  West,  and 
inland  navy.  Many  of  the  articles  in  their  line  are  manufactured  in  the  eastern  states. 


CONFECTIONERY, 


THE  word  Confectioner  and  the  term  Confectioneries  occur  in  the  Scriptures  in  a 
form  denoting  that  the  making  of  sweet  preparations  was  an  established  art  in  the 
time  of  Samuel.  The  business  of  preparing  them,  however,  it  seems,  was  then  and 
until  two  centuries  ago,  confined  to  Physicians  and  Apothecaries,  who  used  honey  or 
sugar,  principally  for  disguising  disagreeable  medicines,  and  pharmaceutically  in  mak- 
ing syrups,  electuaries,  etc.  We  presume  that  the  separation  which  has  taken  place 
between  the  arts  of  preparing  the  conserves  and  the  compounding  of  drugs,  was 
originally  instigated  by  the  ladies  or  the  juveniles,  both  of  whom,  like  saucy  boarders, 
prefer  their  flies  on  a  separate  plate. 

The  manufacture  of  Confectionery,  in  its  modern  development,  as  practiced  in 
"England  and  the  United  States,  bears  the  distinctive  artistic  characteristics  of  French 
ingenuity  and  invention.  In  no  other  country  does  the  preparation  of  sugar,  as  a 
luxury,  absorb  so  much  mental  attention,  and  afford  a  livelihood  to  so  many  persons. 
In  Paris  more  than  two  thousand  persons  find  regular  employment  in  making  confec- 
tioner's fancy  boxes,  the  most  of  which  are  distributed  on  New  Year's  day. 

The  manufacturing  of  Confectionery  in  Chicago,  has  become  an  extensive  business. 
There  are  some  twelve  or  fifteen  wholesale  manufacturing  establishments.  Of  these, 
the  firm  of  SCANLAN  &  BEO.,  No.  138,  South  "Water  Street,  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  extensive  houses  in  Chicago.  Their  facilities  are  such  as  to  enable  them  to  keep 
always  on  hand  a  large  supply  and  full  assortment.  In  most  instances  they  know 
who  will  probably  be  the  purchaser  of  their  candy,  and  therefore  take  pains  to  have  it 
pure  and  first-rate  in  quality,  regarding  more  their  well  earned  reputation,  than  an 
excess  of  profit.  There  are  nearly  one  hundred  retailers  of  Confectionery  in  this  city, 
most  of  whom  are  supplied  by  the  few  regular  manufactories.  There  are  a  few  that 
operate  in  the  finer  branches  of  Ices,  Jellies,  Pieces  Montees,  etc.,  to  a  large  extent. 

As  our  Chicago  ladies,  like  all  others  of  refinement,  are  emulous  of  whatever  will 
lend  enchantment  to  the  personal  charms,  we  will  suggest  to  them,  and  also  to  the 
confectionery  manufacturer,  a  preparation  in  great  favor  with  the  Turkish  ladies,  from 
its  alleged  property  of  developing  those  proportions  of  figure,  which,  in  that  refined 
country,  are  deemed  a  most  essential  attribute  of  female  beauty.  It  is  known  as 
Rahatlocoum,  and  is  of  the  most  agreeable  flavor,  and  composed  of  the  following  inno- 
cent materials ;  one  part  of  wheat  starch,  six  parts  of  sugar,  and  twelve  parts  of  water, 


THE    OIL    AND    LAMP   TRADE.  f  103 

and  formed  into  an  elastic  jujube-like  mass ;  sometimes  boiled  Almonds  are  mixed 
with  it. 

The  Messrs.  Scanlan  commenced  the  manufacture  of  Confectionery  here  several 
years  ago.  From  the  smallest  beginnings,  the  business  has  grown  into  an  extent  and 
importance  even  beyond  their  most  sanguine  expectations.  The  cash  system  was 
adopted  in  the  outset,  and  has  never  been  departed  from.  It  is  found  to  work  in  all 
respects  satisfactorily ;  enabling  them  to  sell  their  goods  at  less  price.  Their  establish- 
ment is  at  No.  138  South  "Water  Street ;  it  is  five  stories  high.  They  give  employ- 
ment to  twenty-live  hands. 


THE  OIL  AND  LAMP  TEADE, 


rpHEEE  are  few  things  in  the  industrial  and  scientific  world  at  the  present  time, 
JL  more  remarkable  than  Petroleum,  and  the  various  uses  of  great  utility  it  is  made 
to  subserve ;  and  yet  its  multiform  uses  are  just  beginning  to  be  developed.  That 
great  lakes  of  this  valuable  substance  should  have  lain  a  few  feet  beneath  the  surface 
undisturbed  for  ages,  is  one  among  innumerable  proofs,  that  the  intelligence  of  civili- 
zation is  required  to  enable  man  to  bring  to  light  and  render  available  the  natural  re- 
sources of  the  planet  which  we  inhabit.  Petroleum  has  just  begun  to  play  the  great 
part  which  it  is  destined  to  fill  in  the  industrial  arts.  It  produces  the  whitest,  best  and 
cheapest  of  all  artificial  lights. 

Among  the  several  firms  in  this  city,  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Petroleum,  or  Kerosene 
Oil,  we  know  of  none  who  are  devoting  more  attention  to  secure  the  best  qualities,  as 
well  as  the  extensive  Jobbing  trade  of  Chicago,  than  Mr.  JAMES  F.  GKIFFIN,  who  has 
recently  removed  from  No.  165  Eandolph  Street,  to  that  more  central  and  eligible 
store,  corner  of  Randolph  and  State  Streets.  Having  a  large  capital  invested,  and  un- 
usual facilities  for  procuring  the  best  Oils,  he  is  thereby  enabled  to  take  the  lead  of 
this  immense  and  rapidly  developing  business  in  Chicago. 

Science  and  invention  seem  to  be  contributing  more  to  the  development  of  Kero- 
sene as  an  illuminator  than  for  any  other  purpose.  The  rapidly  increasing  demand 
fqr  Kerosene  as  an  illuminator,  and  the  best  arranged  burner  for  using  it,  has  called 
forth  some  of  the  best  inventive  talent,  which  has  at  last  produced  burners  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  dispense  entirely  with  the  use  of  chimneys,  burning  the  oil  perfectly 
without  smoke  or  smell,  and  producing  an  excellent  light.  This  burner  is  of  small  ex. 
pense,  and  may  be  readily  adjusted  to  an  ordinary  lamp.  It  is  sold  by  Mr.  Griffin, 
to  the  trade  or  at  retail.  The  greatest  expense  and  trouble  connected  with  burning 


104  THE  OIL  AND  LAMP  TBADE. 

Coal  and  Petroleum  Oil,  arises  from  the  frequent  breaking  of  lamp  chimneys.  These 
are  made  of  clear  white  glass,  and  are  as  brittle  as  a  pipe-stem.  By  a  recent  improve- 
ment, they  are  now  made  of  flint  glass,  which  renders  them  durable,  and  of  a  different 
shape,  which  utilizes  the  light — producing  a  greater  amount,  without  any  additional 
consumption  of  oil.  These,  among  many  other  improvements  of  recent  origin,  which 
we  have  not  the  space  here  to  enumerate,  that  render  Kerosene  Oil  the  cheapest,  best, 
safest  and  most  brilliant  luminator  of  all  artificial  lights,  are  to  be  found  at  the  store  of 
Mr.  Griffin. 

So  great  has  become  the  demand  for  the  various  metal  fixtures  pertaining  to  Kero- 
sene Oil  Lamps,  that  dealers  have  been  unable  to  supply  the  demand.  Mr.  Griffin 
has  commenced  their  manufacture  in  this  city,  thereby  adding  another  branch  to  our 
home  industry.  This  house  seems  to  comprehend  the  wants  of  the  public,  and  pos- 
sesses not  only  the  capital  necessary,  but  the  enterprise,  to  strike  out  into  new  fields  . 
of  discovery,  to  render  this  a  leading  representative  business  in  Chicago,  whose  influ- 
ence will  be  felt  throughout  the  North-West.  Those  engaged  in  the  trade  will  be 
enabled  to  order  from  this  house  at  prices  less-  than  those  of  Eastern  establishments. 
Their  new  place  of  business  —  the  most  central  location  in  Chicago  —  aifords  facilities 
for  conducting  an  extensive  business.  Every  article  pertaining  to  artificial  light,  em- 
bracing all  the  modern  improvements,  may  be  found  here  at  the  lowest  prices,  at 
retail  or  for  the  "trade. 

Since  writing  the  above,  we  have  been  shown  another  article,  just  patented,  and 
manufactured  by  Mr.  Griffin,  known  as  Erwin's  Patent  Kerosene,  Lard,  or  Sperm  Oil 
Lantern.  It  is  the  .most  important  and  useful  Railroad  Lantern  yet  introduced. 
Nearly  all  the  principal  railroads  are  adopting  them  a.s  fast  as  they  can  be  manufac- 
tured. This  Lantern  burns  Kerosene,  Lard,  or  Sperm  Oil,  with  perfect  combustion, 
without  the  use  of  a  chimney ;  and  cannot  be  extinguished  by  any  of  the  usual  rail- 
road signal  motions,  or  by  a  strong  current  of  air  or  high  wind.  It  is  so  arranged 
that  whatever  motion  may  be  given  it,  the  flame  is  always  supplied  with  oxygen  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  prevent  its  smoking  or  being  extinguished.  This  result  is  at- 
tained by  horizontal  and  perpendicular  flanges,  placed  in  the  air  passage  beneath  the 
flame,  to  direct  the  current  of  air  in  such  a  manner  as  to  produce  the  result  claimed, 
of  perfect  combustion.  The  value  of  this  Lantern  for  the  great  railroad  interest  can- 
not be  over-estimated.  It  is  the  only  lantern  made  that  cannot  be  extinguished  by 
any  motion  whatever.  The  price  does  not  exceed  that  of  a  a  first-class  Lantern.  The 
Chicago  Bell  Hanger's  Lamp,  manufactured  by  this  same  house,  on  the  same  principle 
as  the  Lantern,  with  the  exception  of  requiring  a  small  glass  chimney,  can  be  carried 
as  a  hand  lamp  from  room  to  room,  or  even  in  the  open  air,  without  the  least  danger 
of  smoking  or  breaking  the  glass. 

Mr.  Griffin  has  recently  imported  from  Bohemia,  and  is  now  introducing  in  this 
market,  a  superior  article  of  Lamp  Chimney,  possessing  rare  qualities  for  resisting 
heat  and  pressure,  far  more  durable,  and  as  cheap  as  the  common  American  glass. 


PAPER  HANGINQS, 

T\ECOEATIVE  Paper  Hangings  came  into  use  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
±J  century,  and  are  said  to  have  been  copied  from  the  Celestials.  The  manufacture 
of  them  in  this  country,  however,  only  dates  about  thirty  years  ago.  The  progress 
made  in  design  and  elaboration  of  workmanship,  has  been  so  rapid  that  now  the 
importation  of  foreign  papers  is  an  unimportant  item  —  said  to  be  not  more  than  five 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  amount  consumed,  and  confined  to  French  goods  of  the  first 
quality,  which  the  French  artists  have  brought  to  perfection. 

Few  persons  are  familiar  with  the  extent  of  the  manufacture  of  decorative  Paper 
Hangings,  and  still  fewer  realize  the  power  of  their  embellishment.  For  although  most 
designs  are  only  fragments  of  architect ural  drawings,  yet  there  are  those  of  high 
artistic  merit,  truthful  delineations  of  nature.  The  walls  of  a  house  may  be  lined  with 
statuary  —  with  marble  or  with  oak  —  may  be  embellished  with  pictures  of  landscape 
scenery  —  summer  heat  may  be  cooled  with  grand  illustrations  of  Arctic  scenery  — 
winter's  cold,  warmed  by  the  brilliancy  of  tropic  vegetation  —  classic  cartoons  may 
surround  us  with  the  old  Greek  Gods  and  fables,  at  a  far  less  expense  through  the 
craft  of  the  paper-hanger,  than  from  the  artist's  brush.  The  price  of  Paper  Hangings 
vary  from  one  cent  to  ten  dollars  a  square  yard,  and  form  a  part  of  the  interior  decor- 
ation of  the  humble  cottage,  as  well  as  the  palatial  mansion.  A  few  years  ago  wall 
paper  was  kept  on  sale  only  by  Dry-Goods  dealers,  Oil  and  Paint  establishments,  etc. 
At  the  present  time,  it  is  a  representative  branch  of  commerce,  and  becoming  a  very 
important  one. 

A  visit  to  the  Paper  Hanging  establishment  of  Mr.  E.  G.  L.  FAXON,  at  No.  70 
Lake  Street,  will  give  a  fair  representation  of  the  immense  scope  of  variety  —  the 
genius  and  labor  that  strikes  the  eye  and  kindles  the  fancy  of  this  branch  of  luxurious 
commerce  conducted  by  this  house.  Mr.  Faxon  commenced  business  in  Chicago  in 
1855,  since  when  his  business  has  steadily  increased,  gradually  extending  over  the  entire 
North-West,  until  it  has  become  the  most  extensive,  perhaps,  of  any  establishment  in 
the  valley  of  the  West.  The  interior  arrangement  of  his  store  has  recently  been  re- 
modeled— sky-lights  introduced,  and  other  improvements,  with  special  reference  to  the 
convenience  of  visitors,  and  an  artistic  display  of  his  goods.  Neither  the  recluse 
scholar,  the  staid  matron  of  a  well  ordered  household,  nor  the  radiant  bride  furnishing 
a  new  home,  can  call  for  a  style  or  color,  but  it  unrolls  to  the  eye,  as  if  it  were  sum- 
moned by  the  wand  of  enchantment. 

U 


106  PAPER  HANGINGS. 

The  process  of  manufacturing  Paper  Hangings  we  will  briefly  illustrate,  as  we  have 
not  the  space  for  a  general  detail  of  the  process.  The  paper  comes  from  the  mill  in 
rolls  about  twelve  hundred  yards  long,  and  from  twenty  to  thirty-five  inches  wide; 
costing  from  nine  to  fourteen  cents  per  pound,  the  average  being  about  eleven  cents. 
The  pattern  first  having  been  carefully  drawn,  is  then  pricked,  and  the  outlines  of  the 
various  tints  are  punched  each  on  a  separate  wood  block  made  of  pear  tree,  mounted 
with  pine.  These  blocks  are  pressed  on  the  sieves  of  color  and  then  applied  to  the 
paper,  each  block  then  following  the  other  on  the  guide-marks  left  by  the  previous 
impression.  An  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  enterprise  and  labor  required  to  produce 
decorative  Paper  Hangings,  when  we  state  that  on  a  single  one  of  these  representing 
a  chase  in  a  forest,  including  the  animals,  birds,  and  attributes  of  the  chase,  exhibited 
at  the  World's  Fair,  twelve  thousand  blocks  were  employed. 

In  making  Flock  Paper  the  pattern  is  first  printed  in  size,  and  then  with  a  prepara- 
tion of  varnish  or  Japan  gold  size.  When  this  is  partly  dry,  colored  flock,  prepared 
from  wools,  is  sifted  on  the  varnish  pattern,  to  which  it  adheres.  When  gilding  is 
introduced,  the  leaf-metal  is  laid  on  the  varnish  pattern,  or  if  worked  in  bronze-pow- 
der, it  is  brushed  over  with  a  hare's  foot.  The  designs  are  principally  original,  and 
are  largely  supplied  by  the  Female  School  of  Design,  which  has  made  important 
contributions  towards  elevating  the  standard  of  correct  taste. 

The  Window  Shade  department  connected  with  this  house,  forms  no  inconsiderable 
part  of  its  business.  It  has  become  an  important  department  of  art  and  commerce. 
We  have  reached  a  period  of  wealth  and  independence,  and  nothing  which  embellishes 
life,  or  adds  splendor  to  its  existence,  is  beyond  the  ambition  or  the  taste  of  our  people. 

In  the  soft  climes  of  the  South,  where  sultry  heats  are  enlivened  by  few  breezes, 
the  most  delicate  muslins  are  used  to  drape  the  doors  and  windows  of  habitations.  In 
the  frozen  North,  where  the  desolation  of  arctic  winters  comes  down  from  the  pole, 
they  close  up  their  windows,  that  even  the  eye  may  not  rest  always  upon  the  chill, 
cold  iceberg.  But  in  our  fortunate  temperate  zone,  and  especially  in  America,  we 
have  a  drapery  for  our  windows  most  appropriate  for  the  seasons  and  most  grateful  to 
the  fancy.  The  light  and  ornamented  Window  Shades  now  in  universal  use,  soften 
most  delicately  to  the  eye,  the  intense  light  of  our  unclouded  sim.  They  admit  the 
air  to  breathe  freely  through  every  department ;  and  while  we  shut  out  brick  walls  and 
heated  pavements,  with  endless  streams  of  rolling  vehicles,  they  oiler  to  the  eye  the 
sweetest  scenes  of  nature,  delineated  in  arabesque  loveliness. 

Mr.  Faxon  has  recently  added  another  very  important  branch  of  trade  to  his  busi- 
ness—  that  of  Mattresses  and  Bedding;  being  thoroughly  versed  in  every  branch  of 
its  manufacture.  In  looking  through  his  show-rooms,  we  were  shown  a  Spring  Mat- 
tress of  a  new  style  of  manufacture,  so  arranged  that  a  child  might  handle  it  with  ease, 
for  adjusting  and  cleaning  —  obviating  one  of  the  greatest  difficulties  and  objections 
hitherto  found  in  handling  heavy  mattresses.  They  are  warranted  to  keep  in  repair 
for  two  years,  but  with  careful  use,  would  probably  last  twelve  or  fifteen  years.  In 


METAL    WAREHOUSE. 


107 


connection  with  Mattresses,  he  makes  to  order  and  keeps  on  hand  a  full  supply  of  fine 
Bedding,  manufactured  from  the  best  materials.     Mattresses  of  Hair,  Spring,  Cotton, 
Husk,  Sea-Grass,  etc ;  also  Feather  Beds,  Bolsters,  Pillows,  Bed  Linen,  Comforters, 
Spreads,  etc.,  in  lots  to  suit  purchasers,  at  Wholesale  or  Retail. 
Mr.  Faxon's  Store  is  at  70  Lake,  near  State  Street. 


METAL  WAKEHOUSE, 


TN  no  department  of  commerce  is  Chicago  more  favorably  represent^  than  in  her 
_L  rapidly  developing  Iron  interest.  The  house  of  YANDERVOOBT,  DICKEESON  &  Co., 
represent  one  of  the  most  extensive  firms,  probably  the  heaviest  importers,  of  Tin 
Plate,  Tinners'  stock,  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware,  in  the  North-West. 

The  house  of  Thomas  Dickerson  was  established  in  this  city  in  1858,  in  Burch's 
Iron  Block,  corner  of  Wabash  Avenue  and  Lake  Street.  The  demand  for  metals 
became  so  great,  that  in  the  spring  of  1862,  Mr.  Dickerson  admitted  as  partners  into 
the  concern  Messrs.  P.  II.  and  P.  H.  S.  Vandervoort,  when  the  business  was  removed 
to  its  present  location,  No.  199  and  201  Randolph  Street,  one  of  the  most  eligible  and 
extensive  warehouses  in  the  city. 

Few  persons  pass  this  store  on  Randolph  Street  without  having  their  attention 


108  METAL    WAKEHOCSE. 

attracted  to  an  elegant  clock  placed  in  a  circular  window  in  the  second  story,  some 
five  or  six  feet  in  diameter,  erected  by  the  liberality  of  this  house,  which  is  intended 
to  be  an  infallible  regulator  of  the  time  of  this  city ;  since,  till  the  present  hour,  the 
city  of  Chicago  has  never  been  furnished  with  a  reliable  clock  by  the  Common  Coun- 
cil. This  clock  whose  hands  point  infallibly  to  the  hour  and  the  minute,  runs  eight 
days.  It  is  a  Turret  Regulator. 

The  business  of  this  establishment  has  grown  into  an  extent  and  importance  that 
Chicagoaus  must  recognize  with  pride  and  pleasure,  while  they  award  due  honor  to 
the  integrity  and  business  capacity  of  the  men  who  represent  it. 

Tin  Plate  is  extensively  used  in  America,  and  all  our  supply  is  furnished  by  Eng- 
land. We  are  the  best  customers  of  tin  ware  which  England  has,  consuming  even 
more  than  all  Great  Britain.  Tin-Plate  consists  of  sheet  iron  rolled  out  to  various 
degrees  of  thinness,  and  coated  on  both  sides  with  a  layer  of  tin,  which  forms  with 
the  iron  an  alloy  uniting  the  useful  qualities  of  both  metals.  -The  process  of  tin- 
ning iron  is  not  the  same  in  all  establishments ;  some  manufacturers  affect  a  good 
deal  of  mystery  upon  the  subject ;  still  the  methods  pursued  agree  pretty  nearly  in  all 
essential  points.  There  are  some  twenty  different  qualities  in  common  use,  distin- 
guished by  certain  marks  attached  to  the  boxes.  This  metal  is  worked  up  by  the  tin 
plate  worker,  into  a  great  variety  of  articles  of  culinary  or  domestic  use  ;  within  .a  few 
years  a  great  revolution  has  been  effected  in  the  manufacture  of  tin-ware  by  the  intro- 
duction of  machinery.  By  the  aid  of  Dies,  Presses,  Lathes,  and  other  contrivances, 
the  separate  parts,  or  the  whole,  according  to  the  degree  of  complexity  of  an  article, 
are  at  once  struck  up  in  the  required  shape,  plain  or  with  devices,  as  may  be  desired, 
and  the  work  of  tin  ware  is  reduced  to  the  simple  act  of  soldering  or  uniting  the  sev- 
eral parts.  A  great  deal  of  work  is  done  by  stamping. 

Few  persons  are  aware  of  the  enormous  expense  and  difficulties  attending  the  im- 
portation of  Russia  sheet  iron  into  this  country,  and  the  quantity  consumed.  The 
uses  to  which  this  iron  is  applied  are  mainly  in  the  manufacture  of  Stoves,  the  differ- 
ence in  its  favor,  in  point  of  durability,  being  very  great.  The  imitations  that  have 
been  attempted  in  this  country,  have  been  hitherto  so  unsuccessful  that  a  Held 
of  discovery^jpe  still  open  in  this  department,  in  which  some  future  inventor  will  yet, 
doubtless,  realize  a  princely  fortune.  A  large  amount  of  American  Russia  Iron  is 
sold  for  genuine,  the  imitation,  in  outward  appearance,  being  so  close,  as  almost  to 
defy  detection  by  any  other  than  an  experienced  judge.  Therefore  the  satisfaction  in 
dealing  with  a  firm  of  the  established  reputation  of  Vandervoort,  Dickerson  &  Co.  It 
is  only  necessary  for  them  to  say  that  an  article  is  genuine,  for  the  public  to  have 
faith  in  the  quality.  The  imitation  in  this  iron  has  been  very  complete,  but  the  art  of 
making  it  wear  and  not  oxidize  from  exposure  to  dampness  is  still  to  American  man- 
ufacturers a  hidden  secret.  The  indestructible  quality  of  the  Russia-made  sheet  iron 
is  really  extraordinary.  We  have  seen  stoves  manufactured  of  it  which  have  been  in 
use  for  a  period  of  thirty  years. 


MELODEOJfS.  109 

This  firm  also  represents  the  western  agency  of  HOWE'S  IMPROVED  SCALES  AND 
BALANCES.  Messrs.  Howe,  of  Brandon,  Vt.,  claim  to  have  no  superiors  in  the  manu- 
facture of  Scales,  and  they  certainly  enjoy  a  world-wide  reputation,  for  their  Scales  are 
becoming  everywhere  popular.  Eminence  in  this  branch  of  manufacture,  we  are  quite 
sensible,  presupposes,  in  the  manufacturer,  very  considerable  mechanical  skill,  fidelity 
in  execution,  and  taste,  and  accuracy  in  workmanship.  Their  manufactures  comprise 
Mint  Balances,  Bankers'  Scales,  Jewelers',  Druggists',  Grocers',  Confectioners'  Scales, 
etc.,  in  fact  any  kind  required  for  weighing  purposes.  These  manufacturers  have 
recently  invented  some  modification  in  their  celebrated  Scale,  which  adapts  it  espe- 
cially to  army  use,  rendering  it  exceedingly  compact,  holding  its-movable  parts  in  a 
very  firm  manner,  and  boxing  the  whole  very  securely  to  prevent  injury  in  camp  or 
in  transporting.  It  is  now  being  introduced  in  the  army  and  securing  for  HOWE'S 
SCALES  that  notoriety  which  is  becoming  world-wide.  Messrs.  Vandervoort,  Dicker- 
son  &  Co.  are  at  No.  199  and  201  Randolph  Street,  opposite  the  Metropolitan  Hotel. 


MELODEONS, 


0 


of  the  most  powerful  civilizers  is  Music.  Let 
a  house  be  ever  so  lonely,  sordid,  unhappy,  and 
music  will  send  the  evil  spirit  away,  and  make  smiles 
play  upon  the  very  walls.  The  world  is  all  astir  with 
music.  Let  a  community  be  well  supplied  with  Pi- 
anos or  Melodeons,  and  a  visitor  requires  no  higher 
evidence  of  its  high  intelligence  and  excellence.  That 
refined  communities  prosper,  in  a  material  point  of  view,  more  than  those  where  the 
refining  influence  of  music  and  education  are  less  regarded,  is  a  well-conceded  fact. 
"We  mention  the  Melodeon  as  a  chief  evidence  of  refinement,  not  that  we  underrate 
the  piano,  or  the  harp,  o'er  which  the  fingers  of  beauty  sweep,  but  the  Melodeon  is 
now  often  found  in  homes  of  humble  pretensions.  Its  more  moderate  price  does  not 
restrict  it  from  many  a  home  circle ;  and  then  its  tones  are  so  deep  and  solemn  —  so 
impressive  —  so  organ-like- — the  peculiarity  of  its  touch  —  the  instantaneous  speaking 
of  each  note,  the  moment  the  finger  touches  the  key  —  being  adapted  to  the  more 
rapid  execution  of  secular  composition.  It  produces  those  grand  effects  which  charm, 
bewilder,  and  answer  to  all  our  requisitions  for  musical  expression  and  interpreta- 
tion. It  has  thus  come  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  popular  of  musical  instruments,  and 
in  its  unique  excellence,  certainly  is  not  likely  to  be  superseded  by  any  instrument 
extant. 


110  MELODEONS. 

The  most  deservedly  popular  instrument  of  this  description,  is  that  manufactured 
by  Prince  &  Co.,  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  This  establishment,  which  is  the  oldest  in  the 
United  States,  was  established  in  1848,  since  when  they  have  manufactured  twenty- 
seven  thousand  of  these  famed  instruments,  which  have  been  sent  to  nearly  every 
part  of  the  civilized  globe.  They  are  to  be  found  not  only  in  America,  but  also  in 
Europe,  Australia,  India,  and  even  the  islands  of  the  ocean. 

The  Manufactory  of  Messrs.  Prince,  is  one  of  the  representative  establishments  of  our 
country.  The  "  Buffalo  Commercial  Advertiser  "  thus  speaks  of  it :  The  building  is 
a  handsome  brick  structure,  erected  by  Prince  &  Co.,  occupying  nearly  half  an  entire 
block,  being  five  stories  in  height. 

The  lumber,  prior  to  going  into  the  shops,  is  thoroughly  kiln-dried,  a  process  in- 
suring perfect  instruments,  and  which  will  stand  any  climate.  If  there  is  a  crevice  in 
a  board,  it  is  cut  out  and  jointed  up.  Outside,  there  are  piles  of  lumber  in  the  open 
air  and  under  sheds.  The  woods  used  are  principally  ash,  maple,  cherry,  white  and 
basswood. 

There  are  usually  two  hundred  men  employed  in  this,  the  largest  and  finest  Melo- 
deon  manufactory  in  the  world,  whose  business  extends  to  the  extremes  of  civilization, 
wherever  music  is  known  and  instruments  are  desired  to  produce  harmonious  sounds. 

When  the  reeds  come  from  the  factory,  they  pass  into  the  hands  of  the  tuners,  who 
file  them  to  the  proper  tone  and  fit  them  to  the  instruments.  They  make  eleven  sizes 
of  instruments,  ranging  in  price  from  $40  to  $350.  The  cheapest  instrument  is  just 
as  well  finished  as  the  best,  the  difference  being  simply  in  their  capacity.  In  volume 
and  purity  of  tone,  they  have  no  competitors,  and  at  the  various  exhibitions  of  indus- 
trial products,  have  invariably  taken  precedence  and  the  prizes. 

Steadily  this  enterprising  establishment  have  continued  on  their  course,  increasing 
their  facilities  to  supply  the  rapidly  increasing  demand,  adding  new  improvements 
from  time  to  time,  until  Prince  &  Co.'s  Melodeous  are  of  world-wide  reputation. 

The  latest  improvement  in  their  Melodeon,  is  the  "  IMPROVED  VALVE,  OR  PALLET," 
being  a  combination  of  cloth  and  leather,  prepared  expressly  for  the  purpose.  It  is 
found  to  be  the  very  thing  needed  as  a  substitute  for  the  "  India  Rubber  Valve,"  which 
had  been  in  general  use  since  Melodeons  have  been  manufactured,  and  which  have 
caused  so  much  trouble  by  the  dissolving  and  sticking  of  the  "  India  Rubber."  All 
their  instruments  are  furnished  with  improved  valves,  and  can  be  recommended  with 
confidence. 

Also  the  "  Divided  Swell,"  secured  by  Letter's  Patent,  22d  May,  1855.  By  means 
of  this  Swell,  solo  passages  may  be  played  with  the  full  power  of  the  instrument, 
while  the  accompaniment  is  soft  and  subdued.  All  Melodeons  now  made  by  them  are 
furnished  with  this  attachment,  without  extra  charge. 

Prince  is  himself  the  inventor  of  most  of  the  improvements  in  these  instruments. 
As  they  are  the  pioneers  and  leading  manufacturers  of  Melodeons  in  the  world,  they 
have,  of  course,  the  advantage  of  securing  the  services  of  the  best  mechanics  in  the 


DISTILLATION    OF   PERFUMES    AND    COIFFEUR.  Ill 

business ;  and  many  of  their  workmen  have  been  with  them  since  they  commenced 
the  manufacture  of  Melodeons. 

These  Melodeons  have  the  iinqualified  commendation  of  musical  men  everywhere, 
as  of  great  excellence  for  schools,  families  and  churches.  The  almost  universal  use  of 
these  favorite  Musical  Instruments  abundantly  attests  their  superiority,  while  the  in- 
creasing demand  proves  that  they  are  becoming  still  more  popular.  To  keep  pace 
with  the  demand  they  find  it  difficult,  although  their  facilities  for  doing  so  are  con- 
stantly increasing. 

Messrs.  Prince  &  Co.  for  many  years  have  had  a  branch  house  in  New  York  and 
one  in  Chicago,  for  the  better  accommodation  of  the  great  demand  for  these  instru- 
ments. 

Prince  &  Co.'s  Melodeons  have  achieved  a  reputation  throughout  the  civilized  world 
as  unique  as  our  Photographers ;  and  at  the  very  head  of  the  art  of  their  manufacture 
stands  Mr.  George  A.  Prince.  So  perfect  have  these  Melodeons  at  last  been  made  by 
this  firm,  that  they  have  offered  to  the  world  —  on  a  fair  forfeit,  by  any  who  accepts 
the  challenge,  - —  to  give  their  best  instrument  to  whoever  will  produce  one  to  excel  it. 
Their  Branch  Depot  in  Chicago,' for  supplying  the  trade,  and  also  for  retail,  has  been 
removed  to  43  Lake  Street,  in  Burch's  Iron  Block. 


DSITILLATION  OF  PERFUMES  AND  COIFFEUR, 


French  have  distinguished  themselves  above  all  other  nations  in  the  manufac- 
_L  ture  of  perfumes  and  articles  of  utility  and  taste  for  the  toilet.  Lubin  and  other 
Parisian  Perfumers  have  acquired  a  world-wide  reputation  in  this  elegant  and  impor- 
tant department  of  art.  The  impression  has  also  gone  through  the  world,  that  with 
the  single  exception  perhaps,  of  the  article  of  Cologne,  all  attempts  to  rival  the  Pari- 
sians would  only  prove  hopeless.  But  as  it  has  been  left  to  the  United  States  to 
demonstrate  so  many  other  things  that  have  never  proved  true  before,  so  it  seems  to 
have  been  left  to  us  to  show  that  there  is  no  more  difficulty  in  distilling  the  most 
exquisite  and  choice  perfumes  in  this  country.  HUDSON,  under  the  Sherman  House, 
on  Clark  Street,  who  is  known  as  an  ornamental  Hair,  Wig  and  Toupee  manufacturer, 
and  who  has  expended  more  time,  talent  and  money  upon  his  art  than  most  Ameri- 
cans, after  a  series  of  most  satisfactory  experiments,  determined  to  manufacture  per- 
fumes, having  already  ascertained  that  they  could  be  produced  here  in  the  same 
perfection  as  in  Paris.  He  procured  from  Paris,  while  a  resident  of  St.  Louis,  some 


112  LUXURIOUS    BEDS. 

of  the  most  accomplished  and  experienced  of  chemists,  who  are  perfect  masters  of  their 
business ;  and  the  result  was  attended  with  complete  success.  The  successful  estab- 
lishment in  the  United  States  of  the  manufacture  of  the  finest  perfumes  known  in  the 
world,  is  hailed  with  great  satisfaction,  and  there  are  many  reasons  why  it  should  be 
so.  The  exceedingly  volatile  and  delicate  character  of  fine  distillations  renders  it  next 
to  impossible  to  transport  them  far,  especially  by  sea,  without  some  sacrifice  of 
their  original  qualities.  Owing,  also,  to  the  great  popularity  of  foreign  Perfumes, 
their  labels  are  everywhere  falsified,  and  it  has  become  almost  impossible  to  procure, 
in  this  country,  a  bottle  of  the  best  perfumes  of  Europe.  Nearly  all  that  are  repre- 
resented  as  European  are  put  up  in  Philadelphia,  and  sold  for  foreign  Perfumes. 

Hudson  stands  pre-eminent  among  the  Coiifeurs  and  "Wig-makers  in  the  "West.  No 
civilized  nation  bestows  so  little  attention  on  the  cultivation  and  arrangement  of  the 
hair  as  the  Americans.  With  the  one  sex,  it  is  generally  thought  to  be  enough  to 
comb  smoothly,  and  twist  up  behind  with  some  expensive  comb.  With  the  other,  to 
dash  through  with  a  brush,  or  dressing  comb,  leaving  it  to  arrange  itself  for  the  rest 
of  the  day.  Little  care  is  taken  in  purifying  the  head ;  there  is  an  indiscriminate 
use  of  dyes,  and  we  every  where  see  the  consequences.  Our  hair  turns  gray,  grows 
thin  and  falls  earlier  than  any  other  people ;  the  hair  dye  destroys  the  beauty  and 
texture  of  the  hair  forever.  Hudson  remedies  all  this.  Les  elegantes  of  our  fashion- 
able world  depends  on  his  skill  and  taste,  for  not  only  the  most  delicious  and  recherche 
perfumes  —  but  for  Toupees,  Wigs,  Curls,  Braids,  and  every  texture,  shade  and 
arrangement  of  hair.  Combs,  Brushes,  Fancy  Soaps,  and  Toilet  articles,  form  a  part 
of  his  stock.  There  are  several  hair  dressers  and  wig-makers  in  Chicago,  but  Hudson 
may  be  called  the  leader.  His  store  is  corner  of  Clark  and  Randolph  Streets,  in  the 
basement,  under  the  Sherman  House. 


LUXURIOUS  BEDS, 


THIS  is  an  age  of  luxury,  and  well  it  may  be,  for  a  nation  of  working  men  are 
walking  on  a  continent  of  gold.  Mankind  not  only  love  good  living  and  the  re- 
finements of  civilized  society,  but  also  the  luxury  of  repose.  Nothing  makes  one  in 
better  humor  with  himself  and  "  the  reat  of  mankind,"  than  a  comfortable  bed  and 
refreshing  sleep  —  to  obtain  which  the  bed  is  an  indispensable  requisite.  The  soldier 
may  live  through  his  campaigns,  sleeping  on  the  ground,  or  on  a  "  soft  plank,"  that 
offers  its  scanty  accommodations  for  his  acceptance :  the  prisoner  in  his  cell  feels 


LUXURIOUS   BEDS.  113 

thankful  for  his  pallet  of  straw,  and  the  rover  is  content  with  his  blanket ;  yet  it  is 
not  probable  that  either  would  select  these  modes  in  preference  to  the  modes  of  more 
refined  life.  From  the  earliest  period,  men  have  bestowed  much  attention  on  the  ap- 
pliances of  the  couch  and  the  bed  chamber.  In  the  year  1782,  says  Hoyne's  Every- 
day Book,  that  extraordinary  empiric  of  modern  times,  Dr.  Graham,  appeared  in  Lon- 
don. He  was  a  graduate  of  Edinburgh.  He  opened  a  mansion  in  Fall  Mall,  called 
"  The  Temple  of  Health."  The  rooms  were  superbly  furnished.  Among  other  arti- 
cles of  furniture  in  this  temple  was  a  celestial  bed,  which  he  pretended  wrought  mirac- 
uloi^Hfects  on  those  who  reposed  on  it.  He  demanded  for  its  use  during  one  night 
one  hundred  pounds;  and  such  was  the  folly  of  wealth,  that  several  persons  of  high 
rank  acceded  to  his  terms.  This  brings  us  to  speak  of  a  celestial  lied  that  the  writer 
of  this  article  reposes  on  in  the  year  1862 ;  doubtless  outrivaling,  in  point  of  luxury 
and  health,  the  one  spoken  of,  in  Dr.  Graham's  Temple  of  Health,  and  at  somewhat 
of  a  reduction  in  point  of  cost,  for  such  an  inestimable  luxury.  The  miraculous  eifect 
it  nightly  produces  upon  our  wearied  body,  is  to  our  mind  the  best  evidence  of  its 
great  merit,  for  its  comfort,  durability  and  cheapness.  The  bed  we  refer  to  is  of  recent 
invention,  and  now,  for  the  first  time,  being  introduced  to  the  Chicago  public,  by  Mr. 
II.  S.  HUNTINGTON,  at  No.  1Y2  Clark  Street.  It  is  known  as  B.  F.  S.  Monroe's  Im- 
proved Spiral  Spring  Bed  Bottom  and  Mattress. 

Few  men  have  lived,  who,  by  a  single,  simple  invention,  have  acquired  in  so  short  a 
time,  so  handsome  a  fortune  as  the  patentee  of  this  Improved  Spiral  Spring  Bed  Bit- 
torn  and  Mattress.  It  is,  wherever  introduced,  acknowledged  to  be  the  most  perfect, 
and  every  way  desirable  bed  in  use.  It  has  been  subjected  to  the  severest  test  and 
criticism.  No  one  who  has  tried  one  feels  satisfied  without  being  the  owner  of  one. 
The  price  comes  within  the  reach  of  the  man  of  moderate  means.  They  are  recom- 
mended by  physicians  and  others  for  their  combined  advantages,  which  no  other 
Spring  Bed  or  Mattress  offers  — health  fulness,  comfort,  cleanliness,  convenience,  labor- 
saving,  durability,  economy  and  beauty.  The  springs  are  so  arranged  that  they  are 
not  liable  to  get  out  of  order ;  and  the  longer  they  are  in  use  the  more  elastic  they  be- 
come. The  springs  are  not  in  the  Mattress,  but  underneath,  and  so  arranged  that  each 
spring  receives  an  equal  pressure.  The  Bed  Bottom,  embracing  the  Springs,  pro- 
tected with  a  canvas  covering,  is  sold  with  or  without  the  Mattress,  which  may  be 
made  of  the  best  curled  hair,  or  of  a  substance  known  as  rattan  shavings,  which  is 
preferred  by  many  persons  for  its  airiness  and  lightness,  being  more  healthy  to  sleep 
on  than  hair. 

Mr.  Iluntington  is  offering  them  for  sale,  by  the  single  one  or  to  the  trade  —  also, 
Territorial  rights. 


15. 


THE  FASHIONABLE  COSTUMER, 


T)EFOKE  the  Atlantic  was  bridged  by  steam,  and  the  telegraphs  had  annihilated 
-U  distance,  the  devotees  of  fashion  on  this  continent  were  obliged  to  wait  with  pa- 
tience for  the  fickle  winds  to  waft  the  old  packets  to  our  shores.  From  the  time  of 
Louis  XIV.,  nobody  had  the  audacity  to  question  the  right  of  Frenchmen  to  rule  the 
fashions  of  the  earth,  until  within  the  last  few  years.  Formerly,  American  gentle- 
men who  were  particular  in  their  dress,  sent  to  Paris  for  coats,  vests,  pantaloons  and 
cloaks ;  but  we  have  now  the  best  tailors  in  the  world ;  and  in  Chicago,  one  of  the 
best  on^this  continent.  Mr.  EDWARD  ELY,  No.  9  Tremont  Block,  has  been  artistically 
educated  in  the  school  of  fashion  for  gentlemen's  wear,  and  has  not  only  made  it  a 
business  of  life,  but  has  been  a  student  of  art,  in  which  he  has  cultivated  the  most  re- 


THE    FASHIONABLE    COSTUMER.  115 

fined  taste  for  clothing  "  the  human  form  divine."  To  him  is  accredited  the  "  Leader 
of  Fashion,"  in  that  department  of  trade  for  Chicago.  Having  always  on  hand  the 
best  selected  and  most  fashionable  stock  of  English  and  French  goods  —  employing 
none  but  French  or  French-educated  workmen  —  devoting  his  whole  time  and  best 
energies  for  the  highest  development  of  the  art,  and  benefit  of  his  patrons ;  it  is  not 
a  matter  of  surprise  that  he  should  control  nearly  all  the  best  trade  in  this  branch  of 
industry  in  Chicago.  Nearly  all  his  work  is  made  for  regular  customers,  who  are  so 
well  suited  that  they  never  go  anywhere  else.  One  unvarying  price,  the  latest  style, 
the  best  material,  absolute  pPecision,  promptness  and  accuracy,  have  given  to  Mr.  Ely 
a  rank  in  his  business  which  has  been  attained  by  few. 

Beyond  question,  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  things  to  a  man  of  taste  and  refine- 
ment, is  a  garment  that  fits  the  person.  The  fabric  may  be  coarse,  or  even  thread- 
bare, yet  if  fashionably  made,  and  well  fitted,  it  covers  up  a  multitude  of  deformities. 

Mr.  Ely's  stock  of  Cloths,  Cassimeres  and  Vestings,  is  selected  with  great  "care  from 
importers  of  French  and  English  goods.  He  also  has  one  of  the  most  complete  assort- 
ments of  choice  Furnishing  Goods,  where  a  gentleman*may  obtain  any  article  required 
to  supply  his  wardrobe  -in  the  most  luxurious  manner. 

The  manufacture  of  Shirts  and  Shirt  Collars,  although  a  distinct,  organized  and  ex- 
tensive branch  of  industry,  yet  Mr.  Ely's  arrangements  are  such  that  he  stands  among 
the  best  in  this  department  of  manufacture,  giving  constant  employment  to  a  large 
number  of  persons.  These  Shirts  are  well  made,  and  range  in  price  from  $24  to  $60  per 
dozen.  The  manufacture  of  Shirt  Collars  and  Bosoms,  is  often  a  business  disconnected 
from  that  of  Shirts,  and  has  attained  a  rapid  development  since  the  introduction  of 
sewing  and  stitching  machines.  Hand-needle  work  would  be  totally  incapable  of 
meeting  the  demand.  Besides,  the  machines  perform  with  more  uniformity  and  dura- 
bility than  is  possible  by  hand,  and  relieves  females  of  the  most  laborious,  unhealthy, 
and  least  lucrative^portion  of  the  work. 

About  ten  years  ago,  Mr.  Ely  came  to  this  city  with  a  small  stock  of  goods,  employ- 
ing two  persons,  and  occupied  a  store  in  the  block  of  low  wooden  buildings  which 
formerly  stood  on  Dearborn  street,  opposite  the  Tremont  House,  where  now  rises  in 
architectural  beauty,  the  substantial  block  known  as  "  Dickey's  Building,"  from  which 
place  he  removed  to  his  present  location,  No.  9  Tremont  Block,  where  for  the  last  six 
years  he  has  been  making  patrons,  who  rely  upon  his  judgment,  and  are  governed  by 
his  suggestions  in  the  style  of  their  dress.  Steadily  has  he  pursued  his  onward  course, 
gathering  strength,  reputation,  friends  and  fortune,  until  now  he  stands  at  the  head  t>f 
his  profession,  dictating  the  fashions  of  the  North- West.  His  entire  stock  of  rich  and 
fashionable  goods  are  selected  with  great  care,  from  the  best  importations,  and  pur- 
chased entirely  for  cash,  which  enables  him  to  sell  cheap,  and  for  cash  only. 


COMEDY  IN  CHICAGO, 


McVICKER  has  domesticated  Comedy  among  us. 
He  alone  has  been  successful  in  making  it  a  con- 
l  stant,  never-failing,  permanent  amusement.  Others 
have  made  the  attempt,  but  every  such  attempt  wit- 
B  nessed  a  failure.  MCV.ICKER'S  THEATRE  is  devoted  to 
Tragedies,  Comic  Drama,  Operas,  and  Grand  Con- 
certs. From  the  night  it  was  opened,  October,  1857, 
with  the  exception  of  about  seven  weeks,  it  has  always 
been  filled  —  always  been  kept  open  to  the  public, 
in  successful  operation ;  and  although  other  theatres 
in  the  West,  with  the  excitement  and  parade  of  actors 
of  celebrity,  and  taking  scenic  effects,  have  sometimes 
witnessed  successful  runs  for  a  season,  yet  no  theatre, 
perhaps,  in  this  country,  has,  for  a  series  of  years,  been  so  uniformly  well  attended, 
nor  by  such  intelligent  audiences.  Nothing  has  ever  been  badly  done  by  McViCKER ; 
the  public  never  have  been  disappointed  in  any  of  the  representations  of  his  Theatre. 
He  has  not  only  had,  in  the  long  run,  the  best  comic  company  of  any  Western  theatre, 
but  his  own  genius  for  representation  is  unrivaled.  Take  him  all  in  all,  he  is  the  most 
effective,  irresistible  Comedian  our  stage  has  ever  had.  Aside  from  his  native  genius 
and  blood-felt  love  of  Comedy,  he  possesses  unfailing  resources  in  his  intellectual  ac- 
quirements. He  commenced  histrionic  pursuits  in  New  Orleans,  at  the  St.  Charles 
Theatre,  in  1841.  In  May,  1847,  he  left  St.  Louis  for  New  York,  via  Chicago,  on  a 
tour  of  pleasure  and  observation.  While  here  he  was  favorably  impressed  with  the 
city  and  the  people,  and  settled  here  for  life.  He  became  stage  manager  of  Mr.  J.  B. 
Rice's  Chicago  Theatre,  which  was  first  located  on  Randolph  street.  It  was  destroyed 
by  fire,  but  subsequently  rebuilt  on  Dearborn  street. 

Mr.  McVicker  learned  the  history  of  the  Drama  of  America ;  he  studied  the  causes 
of  its  failures  and  successes,  in  this-  great  Valley  of  the  West.  When  the  present 
magnificent  structure  was  erected,  known  as  McVicker's  Theatre,  covering  an  area  of 
eighty-two  by  one  hundred  and  ninety  feet,  at  an  expense  of  eighty  thousand  dollars, 
besides  the  scenic  and  interior  fittings,  which  cost  some  twenty  thousand  dollars  more, 
he  became  its  master,  and  started  out  with  the  resolute  purpose  of  establishing  the 


ROOFING.  117 

Comic  Drama  as  a  permanent  institution  and  amusement  among  our  people.  With 
him  histrionic  art  was  idolatry.  Mr.  McVicker  has  from  the  first,  while  giving  to  the 
public  first-class  "  stars,"  so  guided  his  representations,  especially  of  the  modern  Com- 
edies and  farces,  he  has  so  put  his  pieces  on  the  stage,  and  so  perfectly  adapted  them 
to  his  characters,  and  the  characters  to  them,  that  each  part  seemed  almost  equally  at- 
tractive —  for  each  one  was  completely  filled. 

Under  such  auspices  his  Theatre  has  flourished.  The  owner  of  his  Theatre,  and 
complete  master  of  it  and  all  its  arrangements,  Mr.  McVicker  has  always  developed 
the  talents  of  every  member  of  his  company,  with  a  generous  disposition  not  only  to 
give  fair  play  to  all,  but  to  each  one  a  fair  opportunity  to  distinguish  himself.  The 
great  scope  of  his  efforts  seems  invariably  to  have  been  the  simple  delineation  of  hu- 
man nature.  His  own  acting  is  always  characteristic ;  for  it  is  like  himself,  and  unlike 
anybody  else.  He  not  only  carries  the  standard  of  impersonation  further  than  most 
Comedians,  but  in  the  "modern  Comedies  he  adds  appropriately  to  the  familiar  parts  — 
without  injustice  or  injury  to  the  author  —  happy  strokes,  that  bear  upon  the  excite- 
ments and  topics  of  the  day  ;  and  honest  country  people  have  often  gone  away  with 
the  impression  that  he  made  up  his  part  as  he  went  along.  And  in  fact,  these  simple 
country  people  are  nearly  right  in  this  supposition ;  for  McVicker  so  easily  and  unaf- 
fectedly blends  his  actions  and  feelings  with  the  characters  he  impersonates,  that  the 
most  constant  habitue  of  the  Theatre  is  left  with  nearly  the  same  impression.  That 
overflowing  of  human  nature  always  witnessed  on  his  stage,  in  all  his  plays,  breathes 
an  atmosphere  through  his  theatre  that  is  indescribably  charming.  "  One  touch  of  na- 
ture makes  us  all  akin." 

These  qualities  have  made  McVicker's  Theatre  what  no  other  in  this  "Western  coun- 
try has  ever  been  —  a  familiar  home,  drawing-room  and  family  circle.  Here  is  the 
secret  of  its  unparalleled  success.  There  is  no  place,  perhaps,  in  this  city,  where  are 
witnessed  such  a  constant  succession  of  smiles  and  laughter  —  of  intellectual  and  in- 
spiring amusement,  and  often  the  unbidden  gushings  of  genuine  feeling. 


HOOFING, 


THE  importance  of  a  good  Roof  cannot  well  be  over-estimated ;  and  in  a  great  city, 
the  selection  of  a  material  that  is  Fire  Proof,  as  well  as  "Water  Proof,  seems  to 
be  a  duty  which  a  builder  owes  to  the  public.     Shingles,  of  course,  from  their  combus- 
tible nature,  if  for  no  other  reason,  cannot  be  recommended.     Of  Metallic  Roofs  there 
are  a  great  variety,  presenting  claims  to  public  attention  and  public  confidence.     In 


118 


CIVILIZEES. 


Chicago,  Slate  is  used  to  some  considerable  extent,  and  Tin  still  more  extensively,  as 
a  material  for  Hoofing.  Zinc  has  not  been  found  well  adapted  to  the  climate.  Within 
a  very  few  years,  Composition  Roofs  have  become  very  popular,  and  the  manufacture 
of  them  has  constituted  an  important  business  in  this  city.  Of  the  thousands  in  use  in 
Chicago,  we  have  yet  to  find  the  first  man  who  is  fully  satisfied  with  them.  They  are 
continually  getting  out  of  order,  and  few  of  them  losg  continue  water-proof.  Archi- 
tects give  it  as  their  opinion,  that  no  better  Koof  can  be  put  on  a  building  than  Slate 
or  Tin.  They  are  more  durable  —  are  Water-Proof —  and  the  most  important  feature 
they  present  is,  they  are  Fire-Proof.  A  Koof  covered  with  Slate  will  resist  the  de- 
vouring flame,  and  endure  perfect,  Fire  and  Water  Proof,  for  a  century. 

Mr.  P.  F.  SHESKEN,  whose  office  is  at  No.  143  Lake  Street,  is  known  throughout  the 
North-West  as  a  practical  and  reliable  Slate  and  Tin  Roofer.  During  the  last  ten 
years,  he  has  covered  many  of  the  public  and  private  edifices,  not  only  in  this  city, 
but  throughout  the  North- West.  Having  the  agency  for  one  of  the  most  extensive 
Slate  Companies  in  Vermont,  and  having  always  a  large  stock  on  hand,  he  is  enabled 
to  sell  to  the  trade  at  Eastern  prices.  His  facilities  for  conducting  this  business  are 
such  that  no  one  can  successfully  compete  with  him. 

The  time  is  not  far  distant,  when  corporations  and  the  public  authorities  in  large 
cities  will  pass  ordinances  prohibiting  the  erection  of  wooden  buildings,  covered 
with  combustible  materials,  fit  for  the  devouring  flame  —  the  combustible  "that  lights 
the  meteor  fires  that  flash  from  every  city. 


CIVILIZERS, 


YTfHATEVER  tends  to  divert  the  attention  and 
VV  interests  of  men  from  war,  and  attract  them 
towards  peace,  by  displaying  or  developing  the 
greater  nobleness  and  utility  of  peace  pursuits,  is  a 
civilizer.  Man  is  nobler  this  day,  over  half  of  Chris- 
tendom, with  scythe,  or  hammer,  or  axe,  or  plow  in 
hand,  doing  honest,  useful  toil,  than  was  ever  lawless  cavalier,  or  crusader,  rioting 
around  the  holy  sepulcher.  The  grain  fields  to-day  rank  before  the  .battle  field,  the 
builder  of  steam  engines  before  the'forger  of  Toledo  or  Damascene  blades,  the  manu- 
facturer of  labor-saving  Agricultural  Implements,  before  the  manufacturer  of  imple- 
ments of  war.  Each  step  taken  to  increase  the  home  comforts,  the  individual  inde- 


CIVILIZERS.  119 

pendence,  and  the  general  prosperity  through  peaceful  industry,  strengthens  the 
empire  of  peace.  Ignorance  and  misapprehension  have  done  much  to  retard  the 
civilization  and  happiness  of  man,  by  clinging  blindly  to  the  present.  The  farmer 
struggled  to  save  his  ruder  implements  from  the  grasp  of  science  and  labor-saving 
machines.  The  noblest  revolutionizers  of  society,  instead  of  being  generously  accept- 
ed, have  often  been  most  bitterly  opposed,  either  by  selfishness  of  those  whose  inferior 
inventions  they  threatened,  or  by  the  prejudice  of  classes  who  think  that  whatever 
answers  a  purpose,  in  any  way,  is  good  enough  and  must  be  let  alone.  Whatever 
invention  abridges  labor,  is  naturally  regarded  in  cities,  or  dense  communities  where 
labor  is  in  surplus  without  machinery,  as  the  enemy  of  labor.  It  was  a  long  time 
after  their  invention  before  the  old  farmers  would  touch  the  iron  plow  —  the  side-hill 
and  sub-soil  plows  —  the  horse  rake,  patent  threshing  machine,  corn  sheller,  cultiva- 
tor, and  hundreds  of  other  noble  improvements  in  the  farming  implement  line ;  and 
the  great  reason  for  their  stubborn  conservatism,  was  that  they  could  do  all  their  work 
in  the  old  way,  and  these  new-fangled  machines  would  deprive  them  of  good  hard  toil 
and  make  them  idlers.  If  hard  work  with  head  and  hands  were  the  only  object 
and  pleasure  of  life,  it  would  be  cruel  to  disturb  the  race  in  slavish  toil  from  ten  to 
eighteen  hours  per  day.  But  the  machinery  that  helps  the  farmer  to  more  leisure, 
abridges  his  labor,  is  a  blessing,  and  the  men  who  by  invention  and  manufacture  of 
Agricultural  Impliments  suited  to  the  advance  of  the  age,  are  doing  more  to  advance 
civilization  and  develop  the  agricultural  interests  of  a  nation,  than  any  other  class  of 
men  in  the  community.  In  Chicago,  the  manufacture  of  Agricultural  Implements 
has  become  a  distinct  and  leading  branch  of  trade  of  vast  proportions.  No  men  in 
Chicago,  perhaps,  are  more  favorably  represented  on  the  prairies  of  Illinois  and 
adjoining  States,  than  Messrs.  FUEST  &  BRADLEY,  the  only  manufacturers  of  Agricul- 
tural Implements  in  Chicago.  This  firm  produces  a  superior  article  of  Old  Land, 
Stubble  and  Sod,  Michigan  Double,  Cast-iron,  and  Corn  Plows,  also  Single  and 
Double  Shovel  Plows,  Corn  and  Grain  Cultivators,  for  one  and  two  horses,  Harrows, 
Horse-hoes  for  cultivating  corn,  Sulky  Hay  Eakes  with  spring  teeth,  Hay  Rakes  of 
all  kinds,  Garden  and  Eailroad  Wheelbarrows,  and  almost  every  implement  used  upon 
the  farm.  They  are  introducing  an  improved  Cultivator,  claiming  for  it  superior 
advantages  overall  others  hitherto  offered  for  sale  —  for  putting  in  grain  or  tending 
corn.  'Its  great  merit  consists  in  performing  more  work,  and  in  a  more  acceptable 
way  than  any  other  similar  implement,  hitherto  introduced  to  the  public. 

About  nine  years  ago,  this  firm  commenced  business  in  this  city,  with  a  small  cap- 
ital, and  by  the  enterprise  and  industry  of  its  proprietors,  it  has  attained  a  magnitude 
and  importance  which  may  well  be  called  a  representative  business,  illustrating  one  of 
the  great  manufacturing  interests  of  Chicago.  They  give  employment  to  from  forty 
to  fifty  hands,  employing  a  large  capital ;  their  trade  extending  over  the  North- Western 
States.  They  are  extending  their  facilities  in  order  to  meet  the  rapidly  increasing 
demand  for  their  goods. 


120  PAPER    WAREHOUSE. 

Within  a  comparative  few  years  the  demand  for  Wagons  of  a  peculiar  construction 
has  elevated  the  business  of  Wagon  making  into  the  rank  of  manufactures.  The 
wheelwright  and  the  blacksmith  are  no  longer  able  to  supply  the  wants  of  Express  and 
other  similar  purposes,  and  establishments  are  required  that  can  purchase  lumber  and 
iron  in  large  quantites,  and  which  are  provided  with  all  the  requisite  machinery  and 
appliances  for  turning  out  heavy  vehicles  with  expedition  and  rapidity.  This  estab- 
lishment have  the  facilities  for  making  Buggies,  Express,  and  heavy  Lumber  Wagons 
in  the  quickest  possible  time.  If  they  say  an  article  is  good,  the  public  have  faith  in 
its  quality.  Messrs.  Furst  &  Bradley's  manufactory  is  located  at  Nos.  56  and  58 
Jefferson  Street,  and  their  salesroom  at  'No.  90  West  Lake  Street. 


PAPER  WAREHOUSE, 


THE  art  of  Paper  making  in  the   United  States  has  attained  a  high  degree  of 
success,  and  the  manufacture  is  daily  increasing. 

In  the  year  1725  a  Paper  Mill  was  erected  in  the  State  of  Delaware,  a  short  dis- 
tance from  Philadelphia,  by  JAMES  WILCOX.  The  kind  of  Paper  then  made  was  what 
is  termed,  fuller's  press-boards,  such  as  are  used  at  the  present  day  for  pressing  cloth. 
An  act  of  Parliament  existed  at  that  time,  prohibiting  the  manufacture  of  any  other 
kind  of  paper  in  the  Colonies.  The  paper  which  was  manufactured  by  Mr.  Wilcox, 
at  a  later  day  than  mentioned  above,  was  used  by  Dr.  Franklin,  in  publishing  his 
paper  in  Philadelphia.  From  the  Revolution  until  the  year  1825,  very  little  improve- 
ment occurred  in  Paper-making  machinery.  But  few  books  being  published,  there 
was  not  a  demand  for  paper,  but  as  it  slowly  increased,  more  mills  were  erected. 
The  art  of  Paper  making  in  the  United  States  has  attained  a  high  degree  of  success, 
and  the  manufacture  is  daily  increasing.  Machinery  is  used  exclusively,  and  that  of 
American  invention,  of  which  there  are  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  different 
patents.  It  is  stated  that  more  Paper  is  manufactured  yearly  in  this  country,  at  the 
present  time,  than  in  any  other  country,  and  perhaps  in  all  other  countries  together. 
This  is  well  attested  by  the  large  number  of  papers  printed  and  the  millions  of  books 
yearly  published,  giving  evidence  of  national  industry  and  our  proudest  characteristic, 
national  intelligence.  The  demand  for  paper  in  the  United  States  has  arrived  at  such 
a  state  that  we  begin  to  feel  the  want  of  paper  material  from  which  to  draw  an  ex- 
haustless  supply.  Says  a  recent  writer,  "  We  are  emphatically  not  a  nation  of  rags, 
while  rags  have  been  the  principal  source  of  material."  But  experiment  has  been 


PAPER    WAREHOUSE.  121 

busy,  and  our  inventors  have  in  a  measure  been  rewarded  with  success.  The  time  is 
not  far  distant  when  the  American  inventor  will  make  the  discovery  for  which  thou- 
sands in  both  hemispheres  have  been  so  earnestly  seeking  —  of  producing  Paper  from 
some  vegetable  substance,  that  will  not  only  cheapen  the  production  but  furnish  an 
exhaustless  supply. 

Many  patents  were  granted  in  the  United  States  from  the  year  1790  to  the  year 
1836,  for  the  manufacture  of  Paper  from  plants,  &c.,  but  a  description  of  the  inven- 
tions was  lost  by  the  burning  of  the  Patent  Office  in  1836.  Among  the  different 
articles  which  they  claimed  to  use  for  the  manufacture,  we  may  mention,  curriers' 
shavings,  corn  husks,  seaweeds,  pelts,  straw,  leather,  wood,  rope.  Up  to  the  present 
time,  none  of  these  different  materials  have  proved  a>  success ;  but  that  sooner  or 
later  some  American  genius  will  discover  this  much-coveted  secret  of  nature,  is 
beyond  a  doubt. 

To  manufacture  paper  uniformly  of  superior  quality,  four  things  may  be  said  to  be 
essential  —  clear,  pure  water,  superior  machinery,  good  stock,  and  the  requisite  skill. 
All  these  are  combined,  perhaps,  to  a  greater  perfection  in  the  production  of  the  fine 
book  papers  manufactured  in  Connecticut,  the  reputation  of  which  extends  over  this 
continent. 

The  Paper  trade  in  Chicago  by  regular  paper  houses  will  probably  exceed  half  a 
million  dollars  annually,  beside  the  wrapping  sold  by  grocers  and  other  houses. 
Most  of  the  Book  and  other  fine  Papers  sold  in  Chicago  are  manufactured  to  order 
in  the  Eastern  States. 

Among  the  most  substantial  and  extensive  Paper  dealers  in  the  Northwest  is  the 
firm  of  G.  H.  &  L.  LAFLIN,  established  in"1854  ;  their  stock  is,  perhaps,  the  largest  of 
any  west  of  New  York  City.  They  have  a  resident  partner  in  the  East,  which  affords 
them  facilities  unequaled  by  any  other  Western  house  for  purchasing  stock  at  low 
rates,  and  having  paper  made  to  order  at  short  notice,  and  qualities  according  to  con- 
tract, not  surpassed  by  any  other  house.  The  paper  upon  which  this  book  is  printed 
was  in  process  of  being  manufactured,  at  a  mill  in  Connecticut,  the  next  day  after  the 
order  was  given  for  it  by  the  publisher,  in  this  city,  and  the  paper  was  received  here 
in  about  ten  days  thereafter.  In  1856,  Mr.  J.  G.  Day  became  a  member  of  the  firm. 
They  are  now  doing  business  at  No.  42  and  44  State  Street,  in  a  building  erected  by 
them  one  year  ago,  especially  adapted  for  their  extensive  trade. 


16 


STEAM  TURNING  AND  SAWING  MILLS,  AND  MANUFAC- 
TURING OF  BUILDING  MATERIALS, 


THE  establishment  of  WILLIAM  B. 
PHILLIPS,   successor  to   Goss   & 
Phillips,   located   on    the    corner    of 
|  Clark  and  Twelfth  Streets,  is  one  of 


:rif.  the  most  remarkable  and  extensive  of 
this  kind  in  the  North-West.     It  is 
remarkable  both  for  the  superior  char- 
acter of  its  machinery,  and  for  the  va- 
ffij  riety   of   its    departments,    and    the 

quality  of  its  productions. 
It  has  been  remarked,  that  in  no  branch  of  manufacture  does  the  application  of 
labor-saving  machinery  produce,  by  simple  means,  more  important  results  than  in  the 
working  of  wood.  Nowhere  else  have  we  seen  this  fact  so  fully  demonstrated  as  in 
this  establishment.  They  were  among  the  first  to  introduce  improved  machinery  into 
the  business.  In  this  manufactory  may  at  all  times  be  seen  a  greater  variety  of  re- 
markable machines  for  this  purpose  than  can  probably  be  seen  anywhere  else  in  the 
"West.  Here  we  saw  in  operation,  Farrar  &  Lester's  Planer,  adapted  for  all  kinds  of 
shop  planing,  and  will  plane  from  five  thousand  to  six  thousand  feet  per  day.  H.  B. 
Smith,  and  Fay  &  Co.'s  Tenoning  Machines,  for  all  kinds  of  Tenoning,  Coping,  etc., 
each  one  of  which  will  do  the  work  of  a  dozen  men.  Also  Sash  and  Moulding  Ma- 
chines, of  the  same  makers,  which  will  turn  out  five  thousand  to  six  thousand  feet  of 
moulding  per  day;  and  Power  Mortising  Machines,  for  doors  and  sash,  making  two 
hundred  cuts  per  minute;  Scroll  Saws,  for  brackets,  and  all  kinds  of  scroll-work; 
and  Circular  Saws,  for  squaring  and  ripping. 

This  firm  presents  one  of  the  fairest  illustrations  of  enterprise  in  connection  with 
improved  machinery,  that  is  to  be  found  in  this  city.  They  commenced  business  here 
in  1850,  in  a  comparatively  small  way.  Now  they  give  employment  to  about  one  hun- 
dred men,  and  do  a  business  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 
Their  facilities  enable  them  to  furnish  every  article  necessary  to  erect  a  building,  from 


BUILDING   MATERIALS,    &C.  123 

the  tasty  modern  cottage  to  the  more  substantial  palace  for  the  millionaire,  or  the  most 
costly  Church  edifice  —  every  piece  of  timber  jointed  and  fitted  —  every  moulding, 
door,  window,  and  ornament,  requisite  to  the  most  magnificent  structure ;  also  Paint- 
ing, Glazing,  and  Hardware,  all  prepared  and  delivered  on  the  site  selected  for  the 
erection,  in  less  time  and  at  less  cost  than  any  carpenter  or  builder  can  perform  the 
same.  Their  orders  of  this  kind  are  not  only  from  this  city,  but  from  every  part  of 
this  Valley  of  the  "West  —  one  order  for  a  large  Church  edifice,  they  furnished  in  all 
its  completeness  of  detail ;  also  one  for  several  residences,  to  be  erected  in  the  State  of 
Tennessee. ' 

The  advantages  conferred  by  a  great  manufacturing  establishment  of  this  character, 
upon  the  vast  population  occupying  the  prairie  lands  of  our  own  and  adjoining  States, 
are  inestimable.  Chicago  being  the  great  lumber  mart  of  this  extensive  region,  it  is 
of  the  utmost  importance  that  here  we  should  have  an  establishment  of  this  magni- 
tude, embracing  all  the  combined  and  modern  improvements  in  machinery,  capable 
of  supplying  the  rapidly  increasing  demand  in  Building  Materials.  Architects,  car- 
penters, builders,  and  contractors  would  find  it  a  very  diiferent  matter  to  find  a  sim- 
ilar establishment  in  the  West,  where  their  wants  and  requirements  could  be  so  readily 
and  promptly  supplied.  Every  description  of  this  kind  of  work  which  cabinet-makers 
and  carpenters  have  not  the  facilities  for  doing  to  advantage,  is  got  out  with  despatch, 
neatness  and  at  less  cost  than  can  be  procured  without  the  .aid  of  machinery,  and  this 
is  one  of  the  great  elements  of  success,  which  has  given  this  house  its  extensive  trade, 
and  won  for  them  such  a  strong  hold  on  public  confidence. 

"We  would  recommend  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  subject,  to  visit  the  estab- 
lishment of  W.  B.  Philips. 

The  manufacture,  in  this  city,  of  building  material  has  for  several  years  been 
steadily  on  the  increase.  There  are  about  ten  establishments  engaged  in  the  business, 
having  an  aggregate  capital  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  producing  manufac- 
tured articles  amounting,  probably,  to  five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  giving  employ- 
ment to  about  four  hundred  and  fifty  men. 

For  the  greater  convenience  of  architects,  and  their  numerous  customers,  they  have 
prepared,  at  great  expense,  a  neat  Catalogue  and  Price  List,  containing  specimens  of 
Mouldings,  Doors,  "Windows,  Sash,  Frames,  Pickets,  etc.,  with  their  respective  sizes 
and  prices.  With  the  aid  of  said  Catalogue  a  person  may  select  the  style  and  size  of 
every  article  wanted. 

They  also  keep  a  full  assortment  of  builders'  Hardware,  Window  Glass,  Paints  and 
Oils.  They  also  manufacture  Refrigerators,  Ice  Chests,  etc.  Send  for  a  Catalogue, 
free  on  application. 


GOING  TO  HOUSEKEEPING, 


WHEN  the  bride's  honey-moon  is  over —  and 
honey-moons  cannot  last  forever — she  must 
go  to  housekeeping.     She  may  board,  indeed,  at 
a  fashionable  hotel,  or  a  private  house,  or  she 
may  live  with  her  old  friends.     But  this  will 
only  do  for  a  while.     She  will  find  the  days 
grow  longer, '"arid  at  last  she  will  tire  of  the  same 
room,  and  the  same  table,  be  they  the  finest. 
She  will  tire  of  course  of  a  private  family,  and 
there  can  be  no  remedy  found  for  it  but  house- 
keeping.    We  know  it  is  up  hill  work  to.  keep 
house  in  America,  where  you  have  to  wait  on 
your  servants,  instead  of  being  waited  on  your- 
self.    But  it  is,  after  all,  the  smoothest  road  for 
the  married  woman  to  keep  house;  and  rough  as 
the  path  may  be,  all  the  flowers  that  never  fade 
in  wedded  life,  grow  there. 
If  you  would  make  a  fair  start,  go  to  VAN  SCHAACK'S  great  store,  No.  47  State  Street, 
in  the  beginning,  and  take  a  deliberate  look.     He  has  upwards  of  thirty  thousand 
different  kinds  of  articles  there,  a  great  many  of  which  you  must  have,  before  you  can 
keep  house  half  an  hour.     You  have  very  little  idea  of  what  they  are  —  you  could  not 
think  of  half  of  them  in  a  week.     But  you  need  not  think  of  any  of  them,  Mr.  Van 
Schaack  will  anticipate  your  wants,  and  .save  you  that  trouble.     He  set  up  that  large 
establishment  on  purpose,  and  he  has  talked  with  a  thousand  housekeepers,  and  trav- 
eled in  every  American  city  or  manufacturing  town,  and  paid  art  a  fortune  —  and  you 
get  the  fruits  of  all  this  for  nothing.     To  assist  the  young  housekeeper,  he  has  pub- 
lished a  catalogue  of  the  more  prominent  articles,  which  are  required  for  housekeeping, 
from  which  a  list  can  readily  be  made  out,  and  old  housekeepers  gladly  avail  them- 
selves of  this  list  of  housekeeping  articles,  kitchen  utensils,  etc.,  etc.    At  Van  Schaack 's 
your  house  can  be  more  completely  furnished,  with  all  the  modern  housekeeping  imple- 
ments, and  for  half  the  money  it  would  cost  to  hunt  up  the  things  here  and  there  and 
everywhere  for  yourself.     This  establishment  is  in  many  respects  a  remarkable  one ; 


GOING    TO.  HOUSEKEEPING.  125 

remarkable  in  its  character  —  for  the  enterprise  of  its  proprietor,  and  for  its  rapid 
success.  There  is  no  similar  one  in  this  city  to  compare  with  its  advantages  and 
facilities.  Those  who  have  the  pleasure  of  knowing  its  proprietor  (and  their  names 
are  legion)  know  of  what  we  speak.  Among  some  of  the  leading  articles  introduced 
by  Mr.  Van  Shaack,  we  may  be  permitted  to  name  a  few. 

First,  that  indispensable  —  a  Cook  Stove ;  of  these  there  are  a  great  variety,  both 
for  wood  and  coal,  with  prices  within  the  reach  of  the  most  limited  purse.  In  looking 
over  this  great  variety,  we  were  attracted  particularly  to  one,  whose  ornamental  de- 
sign, was  plain  and  bold  —  the  moldings  being  round  and  smooth,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
accumulation  of  dust,  presenting  a  substantial  and  massive  appearance,  and  finished 
in  every  respect,  in  the  highest  style  of  mechanical  skill ;  its  very  name*appealed  to  our 
admiration,  "  The  Peace  Maker,"  and  we  doubt  not  it  would  prove  such,  in  the  culi- 
nary department,  even  with  the  usual  appendage  in  that  department — "  poor  help." 
We  were  particularly  attracted  with  the  roasting  and  broiling  chamber,  where  the 
roast  is  cooked  on  a  spit  before  the  open  fire ;  and  the  broiling  is  performed  without 
the  escape  of  fumes  and  smoke  in  the  kitchen,  from  which  it  escapes  into  other  parts 
of  the  house.  All  this  being  accomplished  without  additions  being  made  to  the  stove. 
Baking  can  be  done  at  the  same  time 'in  the  regular  oven,  while  its  capacity  for  boil- 
ing is  equal  to  any  range.  It  has  a  movable  reservoir  for  hot  water,  and  is  furnished 
with  hot  water  pipes,  for  heating  water  for  the  bath  room,  etc..  Of  this  one  style  of 
Stoves,  Mr.  Van  Schaack  has  put  up  over  one  hundred  during  the  past  fourteen 
months.  We  also  found  an  old  friend  here,  in  the  "McGregor  Cooking  Stove,"  called 
the  "  Leader,"  which  has  proved  a  leader  among  cook  stoves,  gas  burning  and  ventil- 
ating ;  also  the  "  McGregor  Heating  Stoves,"  for  churches,  halls,  offices,  parlors,  etc. 
The  large  number  sold  in  this,  and  other  cities,  and  the  constant  and  increasing  de- 
mand for  them,  is  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  a  superiority  over  all  heating  stoves. 
These  celebrated  stoves  is  expected  to  appear  in  a  new  dress  the  coming  season,  the 
design  of  which  we  have  seen,  and  can  promise  no  more  ornamental  Stove  will  be  in 
the  market,  than  the  "  McGregor."  One  fire  will  last  the  entire  season  without  re- 
kindling. 

LITTLEFIELD'S  BASE  BURNING  COAL  STOVES. — The  Secretary's  office  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  several  of  our  city  banks,  manufacturing  establishments,  offices,  etc.,  are  furn- 
ished with  this  stove,  while  many  of  our  citizens  have  their  whole  houses  heated  by  the 
Littlefield  Base  Burning  Coal  Stove,  called  "  Railway  Coal  Burner,"  "  Parlor  Fur- 
nace," "Double  Heater,"  or  the  "Morning  Glory."  In  the  last  two  seasons  three 
hundred  of  the  Littlefield  Stoves  have  been  sold  by  Van  Schaack,  and  the  sale  could 
have  been  largely  increased  the  past  year,  had  they  been  manufactured  early  in  the 
season. 

Nearly  every  article  required  for  househeeping  will  be  found  collected  in  one  estab- 
lishment, which  is  saying,  a  good  deal ;  still  we  hazard  the  assertion,  that  at  Van 
Schaack's,  no  person  need  to  seek  further  for  any  article  ever  made  for  household 


126  SCALES,    BALANCES,    ETC. 

purposes  —  kitchen  utensils  in  Enameled  "Ware,  French  Tinned  "Ware,  Iron  "Ware, 
"Wire  "Work,  Tin  Ware,  Copper  "Ware,  "Wooden  "Ware,  etc. —  all  may  be  found  here, 
at  this  bureau  of  Household  Articles.  "While  in  fine  goods,  his  stock  surpasses 
that  of  any  other  house  in  Chicago  for  elegant  designs  of  Tea  Trays,  Toilet  "Ware 
of  every  description,  Britannia  "Ware,  planished  and  plain  Tin  "Ware,  Table  Mats, 
Brackets  for  Statuettes,  Ornaments,  Flower  Baskets,  Book  Eacks,  Folding  Chairs 
and  Tables,  Camp  Stools,  Bathing  Apparatus  of  every  description.  His  Ice  Boxes, 
Refrigerators,  "Water  Coolers,  and  Patent  Ice  Cream  Freezers  are  a  simple  apparatus, 
the  very  name  of  which  in  a  warm  day,  "  cooleth  the  brow,  cooleth  the  brain,  and 
maketh  the  faint  one  strong  again."  Also,  Kedzie's  River  and  Rain  "Water  Filter. 

One  visit  to  tnis  establishment,  will  convince  the  visitor  that  Van  Schaack  has  some- 
thing they  want.  In  closing  this  article,  we  would  mention  the  workshop  connected 
therewith,  where  many  articles  of  Tin  "Ware  are  manufactured,  as  well  as  all  the 
sheet  iron  work  connected  with  stoves.  Van  Schaack's  is  the  place  to  send  for  men 
to  put  up  stoves,  repair  bell  wires,  door  locks,  in  fact,  nearly  every  assistance  a  house- 
keeper may  need.  Send  an  order  to  Van  Schaack's  for  aid.  Sign  of  the  Golden  Tea 
Kettle,  47  State  Street. 


SCALES,  BALANCES,  ETC, 

ONE  of  the  great  things  of  our  Republic  is,  that  it  opens  to  every  citizen  all  the 
paths  that  lead  to  wealth  and  honor.  Here  there  is  freedom  for  glory  as  well  as 
struggle ;  wealth  as  well  as  toil.  In  tracing  the  progress  of  the  mind  of  America,  we 
are  arrested  at  almost  every  step  by  some  sign  of  the  electric  advancement  of  this 
country  in  whatever  enriches  or  adorns  civilized  life.  The  genius  of  invention  on 
this  continent  has  achieved,  during  the  present  century,  marvelous  victories  over 
seeming  impossibilities,  which  have  been  the  theme  of  philosophers,  orators  and 
poets.  Heralded  in  rapid  succession  to  the  world,  they  have  almost  ceased  to  be 
regarded  with  astonishment.  It  seems  to  be  the  mission  of  the  genius  of  modern 
invention,  to  give  to  the  whole  world  what  ancient  art  gave  only  to  princes  and  kings. 
The  strife  of  nations  at  the  "World's  Fair  in  London,  offered  a  spectacle  more  sublime 
and  significant  than  history  furnishes  in  all  its  battle-fields.  It  was  the  first  time  that 
nations  had  measured  their  progress  with  each  other.  America  made  a  poor  show  in 
the  beginning,  and  for  the  first  few  months  our  countrymen  blushed  over  our  exhibi- 
tion, and  hunted  about  for  some  plausible  excuse  for  the  shabbiness  of  our  appearance 
at  that  grand  bazaar  of  nations.  But  sometimes  the  moment  of  the  greatest  obscura- 


128  SCALES,    BALANCES,    ETC. 

tion  to  the  spectator  shows  him  the  broadest  stretch  of  the  heavens.  The  moment 
of  awe  is  the  one  of  deepest  eclipse,  and  the  darkest  hour  of  the  night  is  just  before 
the  breaking  of  the  morning.  McCormick's  reaper  passed  over  the  fields  of  England 
— Hobbs  had  picked  all  the  locks  in  the  world  —  the  Collins  steamers  had  outstripped 
the  Cunarders.  All  England  hurried  to  the  coast  to  see  the  yacht  that  beat  the  world, 
built  by  our  young  Neptune,  George  Steers.  It  was  the  second  invasion  of  England, 
and  this  young  American  was  our  William  Hastings.  It  was  a  nobler  scene,  too,  for 
it  was  an  invasion  of  the  arts  of  peace.  The  English  are  the  most  prejudiced  people 
in  the  world,  and  yet  they  will  change  their  opinions  if  you  give  them  a  practical 
demonstration;  and  when  they  are  divested  of  their  prejudices,  they  become  the  most 
magnanimous  nation  on  the  earth.  From  that  day  to  the  present,  that  nation  have 
been  preparing  ovations  for  American  Inventors,  as  one  by  one  some  new  and  won- 
derful invention  has  been  achieved  by  us. 

The  object  of  nearly  all  modern  inventions  has  been  to  avert  some  portion  of  the 
curse  pronounced  upon  our  great  progenitor,  "  in  the  sweat  of  thy  brow  thou  shalt 
eat  bread,"  —  to  increase  human  power,  lessen  human  labor,  and  extend  the  dominion 
of  man  over  the  forces  of  nature.  To  this  end,  the  brain  of  genius  has,  during  this 
century,  been  wrestling  almost  with  impossibilities.  It  has  achieved  a  thousand 
already  —  so  many  indeed,  that  we  have  ceased  to  wonder.  Our  own  city  of  Chicago 
has  contributed  her  full  share  to  this  material  progress  of  the  race.  Among  one  of 
the  most  important  of  these  inventions,  we  may  mention  "  Hitchcock's  New  Patent 
Scale."  •  —  constructed  on  an  entire  new  principle.  Mr.  Hitchcock  has  devoted  the 
best  energies  of  his  life  in  perfecting  the  manufacture  of  Scales  and  Balances.  Like 
other  men  that  have  led  the  way  to  new  fields  of  discovery,  he  has  been  the  object 
of  envy ;  but  he  has  outlived  all  these  feeble  attempts  to  chill  the  ardor  of  his  enthu- 
siasm. He  has  triumphed  over  the  strongest  combinations  ;  and  now,  from  the  step 
where  he  stands,  he  not  only  controls  the  fortunes  of  the  men  that  opposed  him,  but 
the  respect  of  all  who  know  him,  or  his  valuable  inventions. 

About  the  year  1830,  Mr.  Fairbanks,  of  Vermont,  obtained  the  first  patent  issued 
in  the  United  States,  for  scales.  That  patent  expired  some  sixteen  or  eighteen  years 
ago.  Up  to  that  time  Mr.  Fairbanks  enjoyed  the  full  benefit  of  his  invention,  proving 
superior  to  all  others.  But  that  patent  was  far  from  covering  all  the  advantages  in 
the  science  of  scale  making,  and  improvements  of  later  years.  It  was  left  for  another 
to  perfect.  An  American  genius,  whose  brain  has  been  wrestling  for  years  to  solve 
the  problem,  has  at  last  discovered  the  working  of  a  principle,  entirely  new,  by  which 
he  has  produced  the  most  perfect  scale  extant.  S.  S.  Hitchcock's  manufactures  will 
become  the  standard  scales  of  this  continent.  This  new  principle  in  scale  making  is 
destined  to  revolutionize  the  present  system  in  many  important  points.  First  in  ad- 
justing the  beam,  so  that  it  turns  with  the  least  possible  weight  —  simplicity  of  con- 
struction, quickness  and  accuracy  of  weight,  durability,  non  liability  to  get  out  of 
order,  and  for  Track  and  Hay  Scales,  the  slight  depth  of  excavation  or  vault  necessary 


SCALES,    BALANCES,    ETC.  129 

for  erection,  with  no  checks  and  little  or  no  wear  on  the  fulcrum,  so  adjusted  that  it 
leaves  the  scales  free  to  act,  without  a  possibility  of  its  becoming  disarranged. 

The  Scale  swings  on  a  hollow  cylinder,  therefore  does  not  require  any  braces  under- 
neath to  strengthen  it.  The  leverage  is  so  constructed  that  there  are  no  levers 
passing  through  the  centre  of  the  scale,  having  only  two,  one  at  each  end  at  right 
angles  to  the  beam.  The  fulcrum  which  the  foot  of  the  platform  usually  rests  on,  in 
this  scale.is  covered  for  protection,  by  an  artificial  plate,  acting  like  a  hinge ;  on  the 
top  of  the  plate,  is  a  wear  fulcrum,  so  adjusted  that  it  produces  little  or  no  wear  on 
the  fulcrum  itself.  On  the  top  of  said  wear  pin,  is  a  device,  with  concave  steel  sec- 
tions, which  hangs  about  eight  inches  below,  to  receive  the  foot  of  the  platform  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  requires  no  checks  to  keep  the  platform  steady  weight,  which 
will  always  hang  plumb  and  easy.  The  platform  always  swings  free,  and  settles 
instantly.  By  moving  back  and  forth,  it  always  adjusts  and  frees  itself  from  the  edges 
without  the  aid  of  the  tender.  For  simplicity,  cheapness,  durability,  correctness,  and 
ease  of  management,  they  are  superior  to  any  scales  manufactured.  Most  scales 
require  an  excavation  or  vault,  of  from  three  to  five  feet,  while  this  scale  requires 
from  top  of  platform  to  bottom  of  pit  only  fifteen  inches  for  Hay  and  Coal  Scales^  and 
twenty-four  for  Track  Scales. 

For  many  years  Mr.  Hitchcock  has  devoted  his  time  and  talents  to  the  manufacture 
of  scales,  and  for  the  last  twelve  years  has  been  sealer  of  weights  and  measures  in 
Kochester,  New  York,  and  in  Chicago,  during  which  time  he  has  had  most  of  the 
standard  weights  and  measures,  of  all  the  principal  manufactures,  from  different  towns 
and  cities,  from  this  section,  brought  to  him  to  regulate  and  adjust,  which  has  afforded 
him  greater  facilities,  perhaps,  than  any  other  man  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
Scales. 

Hitchcock's  Scales,  manufactured  with  his  improvements,  on  the  principle  of  Fair- 
banks, have  been  awarded  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  first  premiums,  over  all  other 
Scales,  by  County,  State,  and  United  States  Fairs,  held  in  New  York,  Ohio,  Illinois, 
Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Indiana,  also  in  the  British  Provinces,  in  direct  competition  with 
Fairbanks.  Mr.  Hitchcock  is  a  practical  manufacturer,  possessing  a  rare  combination 
of  genius  and  constructive  skill  in  the  mechanic  arts. 

Mr.  Hitchcock  has  recently  admitted  as  a  partner  Mr.  H.  NUTTING.  They  are  ex- 
tending their  facilities  for  manufacturing,  to  enable  them  the  better  to  supply  the  in- 
creasing demand  for  the  New  .Patent  Scales. 

They  also  keep  on  hand  and  make  to  order,  Letter  Copying  Presses,  Improved  Sugar 
Mills,  Store  and  Warehouse  Trucks,  Wheat  and  Hopper,  Coal  Cattle,  Depot,  Dormant 
and  Warehouse,  and  Portable  Platform  Scales.  Hitchcock  &  Co.  are  located  at  No. 
39  South  Canal  Street. 


THE  INHERITANCE  OF  LETTERS™ A  CENTRALIZATION  OF 

LEARNING, 


ONE  of  the  highest  tests  applied  to  the  civilization  of  nations,  has  always  been 
considered  to  be  the  prevalence  among  the  greatest  number  of  persons,  of  Books 
and  universities  of  learning.  One  of  the  most  significant  and  encouraging  signs  of 
the  progress  of  learning  on  this  continent  —  in  this  great  centralization  focus  of  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  where  are  culminating  the  arts,  commerce,  and  political 
power  of  this  nation  —  where  the  eye  of  the  scholar,  or  the  man  of  science,  whose 
sympathies  are  with  the  progress  of  light  and  learning,  turns  with  the  most  interest 
and  encouragement,  is  the  Publishing  House  of  S.  C.  GKIGGS  &  Co.,  on  Lake  Street. 
The  establishment  is  a  massive  edifice,  with  an  ornate  iron  front  elevation,  to  protect 
it  from  the  devouring  flame  and  the  wreck  of  time,  known  as  "  Burch's  Iron  Block," 
majestic  in  its  appearance,  as  becomes  a  pursuit  whose  prerogative  it  is  to  move  the 
arms  that  move  the  world.  There  is  little  pomp  or  parade  to  attract  the  eye  of  one 
who  passes  by,  for  all  the  goods  of  this  vast  concern  are  received  and  shipped  from  the 
rear  entrance ;  but  compared  with  any  other  place  in  this  Western  world,  it  is  to  the 
scholar  what  the  Parthenon  was  to  the  Athenian  which  stood  on  the  summit  of  the 
Acropolis,  and  was  dedicated  to  the  Goddess  of  "Wisdom.  The  intellectual  life  of  this 
continent  is  just  dawning.  "We  have  been  building  a  Kepublic,  and  we  have  had 
less  than  a  century  to  do  it  in.  It  took  Rome  seven  centuries  to  consolidate  hers ; 
and  the  Ptolomies  a  longer  period  to  give  perfection  to  the  Alexandrian  Library. 

We  no  longer  erect  temples,  except  to  the  true  God,  whom  Paul  preached  from 
Mars  Hill.  But  if  there  were  another  temple  to  be  erected,  we  should  build  it  to  Mi- 
nerva ;  for  as  the  foundations  of  this  great  government  were  laid  by  the  wisest  and 
best  of  men,  so  will  it  be  perpetuated  only  by  the  same  spirit.  We  have  read  of  Cad- 
mus bringing  letters  to  Greece,  and  we  trace  with  unutterable  curiosity  and  delight, 
their  progress  from  nation  to  nation,  as  like  the  sun  in  his  circuit,  they  go  to  illume 
the  globe.  But  we  are  witnessing  here  in  this  latest-found  Hesperian  home  of  the 
struggling  races  of  men,  a  spectacle  which  enkindles  a  deeper  enthusiasm,  and  awakens 
more  illimitable  hopes  than  all  the  records  of  Alfred  or  Cadmus.  Being  the  latest 
among  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and  destined,  perhaps,  to  hold  the^fortnnes  of  civiliza- 
tion itself  in  our  hands  for  coming  ages,  Heaven  has  made  us  the  heirs  of  all  the 


THE   INHERITANCE   OF   LETTERS.  131 

learning  of  all  the  centuries  that  have  swept  by,  and  we  have  now  pouring  in  upon  us 
streams  of  learning,  broader,  deeper,  richer,  than  have  ever  rolled  in  upon  any  pre- 
ceding nation.  There  never  has  been  a  great  nation,  until  this,  with  a  universal  lan- 
guage without  dialects.  The  Yorkshireman  cannot  now  talk  with  a  man  from  Corn- 
wall. The  peasant  of  the  Ligurian  Appenines  drives  his  goats  home  at  evening  over 
hills  that  look  down  upon  six  provinces,  none  of  whose  dialects  he  can  speak.  Here, 
five  thousand  miles  change  not  the  sound  of  a  word.  Around  every  fireside,  from 
every  tribune,  in  every  field  of  labor  and  in  every  factory  of  toil,  is  heard  the  same 
tongue.  This  we  owe  to  "Webster,  whose  genius  has  presided  over  every  scene  in  the 
Nation.  His  principles  of  language  have  tinged  every  sentence  that  is  now,  or  will 
ever  be  uttered  by  an  American  tongue.  It  is  universal,  omnipotent,  omnipresent. 
No  man  can  breathe  the  air  of  the  continent  and  escape  it.  This  great  work  of  the 
Lexicographer  is  one  of  the  -standard  works  always  found  on  sale  at  this  great  rep- 
resentative house  of  Messrs.  Griggs  &  Co.  No  person  should  be  without  a  copy. 

There  is  but  one  larger  Book  House  on  this  continent  than  this  ;  and  there  is  no 
Book-store  outside  of  New  York  city  that  can  hold  any  comparison  with  it.  It 
occupies  one  of  the  largest  and  most  eligible  stores  in  Chicago,  in  "  Burch's  Iron 
Block,"  the  salesroom  being  forty-seven  and  one  half  by  one  hundred  and  sixty-five 
feet,  filled  with  almost  countless  thousands  of  volumes,  embracing  every  department 
of  knowledge.  Not  less  than  three  hundred  thousand  volumes  are  always  in  store, 
and  sometimes  the  number  will  exceed  half  a  million.  The  name  of  S.  C.  Griggs  & 
Co.  is  borne  upon  the  title  page  of  over  one  million  volumes  annually.  Its  annual 
trade  in  School  Books  nearly  equaled  the  entire  sale  of  School  Books  in  all  the  South- 
ern States,  previous  to  the  Rebellion,  while  its  sale  of  Miscellaneous  works  is  far  great- 
er than  any  other  house  in  the  West. 

Of  PHOTOGRAPHIC  ALBUMS,  that  recent  beautiful  and  useful  invention,  Messrs.  G. 
&  Co.  keep  a  very  extensive  assortment,  embracing  every  size,  style  and  price,  from 
seventy-five  cents  to  twenty-five  dollars  a.  Their  sales  in  this  one  item  for  the  six 
months  ending  May  1st,  exceed  $10,000. 

In  Subscription  Works  this  house  deals  largely.  In  1856  its  subscription  list  for 
Benton's  Abridgement  of  the  Debates  in  Congress,  (a  work  costing  forty-eight  dollars 
in  the  cheapest  form,)  was  five  hundred  sets ;  and  the  same  number  was  taken  of 
Ticknor  &  Fields'  household  edition  of  the  Waverly  Novels  in  fifty,  volumes. 

Of  Kane's  Arctic  Expedition,  over  six  thousand  copies  were  sold ;  and  more  of  the 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  were  sold  by  this  house  than  by  any  other  outside  of  Boston, 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  costing  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  per  set, 
complete  in  twenty-two  volumes. 

The  present  subscription  list  of  Appleton's  New  American  Cyclopedia,  exceeds  five 
hundred  sets,  or  nearly  thirty  thousand  dollars'  worth. 

They  are  Special  Agents  for  Messrs.  IVISON,  PHINNEY  &  Co.,  D.  APPLETON  &  Co., 
HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  TICKNOR  &  FIELDS,  GOULD  &  LINCOLN,  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  &  Co., 


132  THE    INHERITANCE    OF    LETTERS. 

and  SHELDON  &  Co.,  having  such  terms  as  enable  them  to  furnish  the  publications  of 
these  houses  to  merchants  at  the  same  rates  as  charged  by  them. 

"We  noticed,  among  other  valuable  works,  two  copies  of  Roberts'  Views  in  Palestine 
—  a  large  English  quarto,  costing  four  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  per  set.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  magnificently  illustrated  publications  extant,  of  which  there  are  very  few 
copies  in  the  country. 

Also  a  celebrated  illustrated  French  work — "  Musee  Francais,"  in  four  volumes, 
royal  quarto,  costing  three  hundred  and  fifty  dollars ;  a  rare  and  beautiful  book,  of 
which  we  believe  there  is  but  one  other  copy  for  sale  in  any  book-store  in  the  United 
States. 

They  publish,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  Ivison  &  Phinney,  that  popular  list  of 
School  Books,  known  under  the  name  of  the  "American  Educational  Series,"  of  which 
upwards  of  half  a  million  copies  have  been  sold  by  the  Chicago  house  within  twelve 
months. 

As  a  great  distributing  depot  for  Eastern  publishers,  it  stands  confessedly  above  all 
others.  Prince  Napoleon,  who  visited  it  while  here  a  few  months  ago,  expressed  his 
wonder  and  admiration  at  the  extent,  the  richness  and  the  variety  of  the  stock,  and 
remarked  to  Mr.  Griggs,  that  he  "  had  visited  all  the  leading  Book-stores  of  the  Conti- 
nent, and  that  Europe  could  produce  no  stores  to  equal  this."  "The  young  City  of 
T)hicago,"  he  remarked,  "  may  well  be  proud  of  such  a  house."  "What  a  commentary 
this,  upon  the  social  and  moral  grandeur  of  the  great  North-West.  What  a  commentary 
upon  the  integrity,  perseverance  and  business  character  of  the  man  who  stands  at  the 
head  of  this  great  house,  contending  manfully  on  the  great  road  of  literary  enterprise, 
halting  at  no  obstacle,  disheartened  by  no  discouragement,  pursuing  his  daily  occupa- 
tion of  furnishing  thought  to  others,  and  scattering  light  through  the  world,  and 
giving  to  the  whole  American  people  the  best  editions  of  the  best  books  in  the  world. 
Every  civilized  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  North- West  is  personally  interested  in 
this  great  Book  house  of  S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co. ;  for  the  books  they  sell  embrace  the 
genius  and  learning  of  the  most  gifted  men  and  women  who  have  illuminated  the 
world,  and  left  their  own  example  and  intellect  to  illustrate  heroism  and  virtue,  and  to 
embellish  life.  These  are  the  books,  which  they  sell,  that  we  need  for  the  education 
of  the  young  millions  that  are  bursting  into  life  on  this  continent.  This  is  the  spirit 
in  which  this  house  are  sending  forth  their  works,  and  millions  greet  them  as  fast  as 
issued. 

How  important,  then,  the  mission  they  are  fulfilling  ;  and  under  such  circumstances, 
how  favorable  are  the  prospects  of  American  publishers !  Anew  world  is  continually 
opening  to  their  enterprise.  Where  the  waste  wilderness  stood  forth  in  primeval  soli- 
tude and  majesty  ten  or  twenty  years  ago,  or  where  the  prairie  then  extended  in  ocean- 
like  vastness,  without  the  intruding  foot  of  civilization  to  trample  down  its  wild 
flowers,  or  disturb  the  repose  of  the  wild  turkey  or  pheasant,  there  are  now  hundreds 
of  populous  cities  and  towns,  prospering  in  art,  commerce  and  manufacture.  And 


THE    INHERITANCE    OF   LETTERS.  133 

where,  less,  perhaps,  than  five  years  since,  the  smoke  of  European  and  American 
progress  had  never  circled  above  the  pine  and  elm  tops  of  our  ancient  forests,  there 
are  now  churches  and  academies  innumerable;  village  schoolmasters,  village  poli- 
ticians, and  village  editors.  But  the  stream  of  civilization  is  ever  onward.  Every 
individual,  and  every  village,  town  and  city  in  the  land,  are  slowly  contributing  their 
various  mites  to  the  development  of  an  American  universal  literature.  Our  popula- 
tion grows  with  unparalleled  rapidity,  but  certainly  not  faster  than  our  enlightenment. 

Opulence,  which  many  of  our  citizens  have  long  since  attained,  will  give  leisure  for 
study,  and  enable  the  cultivator  of  the  beautiful  to  enrich  himself  with  specimens  of 
art,  or  books.  Every  emigrant,  almost,  who  sets  foot  upon  our  shores  ;  every  fresh 
school  established  in  the  land ;  every  church  erected';  every  appeal  made  in  behalf  of 
mental  culture,  is  to  the  publisher  an  encouraging  prognostic. 

A  brief  review  of  the  origin  of  this  House,  and  changes  of  firms,  may  not  be  unin- 
teresting. In  1845,  the  house  of  W.  W.  Barlow  &  Co.  was  established  here  by  the 
New  York  firm  of  Mark  H.  Newman  &  Co.,  on  Lake  street,  between  Clark  and  La- 
Salle  streets.  The  store  was  afterwards  removed  to  the  Tremont  House,  and  again  to 
121  Lake  street.  In  March,  1849,  "Wm.  Bross  succeeded  Barlow.  In  October  of  the 
same  year,  S.  C.  Griggs,  for  six  years  a  Bookseller  in  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  came  to  this 
city,  and  in  company  with  Mr.  Bross,  purchased  two-thirds  of  the  stock  of  the  firm  of 
"Wm.  Bross  &  Co.,  which  at  that  time  belonged  to  the  house  of  Newman  &  Co.,  the 
style  being  changed  to  S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.  In  May,  1851,  they  removed  to  111  Lake 
Street,  Mr.  Griggs,  having  during  the  month  previous  purchased  Mr.  Bross'  interest  in 
the  business.  In  the  spring  of  1854,  Egbert  L.  Jansen,  who  had  been  with  the  house 
five  years,  was  taken  into  partnership,  the  style  of  the  firm  remaining  unchanged.  In 
April,  1857,  this  enterprising  firm  removed  to  Nos.  39  and  41  Lake  Street,  in  Burch's 
Block,  their  present  eligible  situation.  In  1858,  Messrs.  Griggs  and  Jansen  purchased 
the  interest  of  the  New  York  firm. 

One  cannot  pass  through  this  store  without  being  impressed  with  the  thought  that 
the  genius  of  all  ages  presides  there,  from  Moses  to  Hallam,  each  one  having  made 
contributions.  Greece  with  all  its  classics ;  Rome  and  the  historians  of  her  eternal 
annals ;  modern  Europe  from  the  revival  of  learning  to  the  startling  revelations  of 
Layard  —  the  lights  of  a  thousand  guiding,  shaping  intellects  of  the  world.  This 
house  is  prepared  to  furnish  almost  every  book  that  can  be  named ;  it  has  become 
head  quarters  for  furnishing  information  upon  every  subject  appertaining  to  books. 
There  is  an  uninterupted  stream  of  intellectual  wealth  flowing  from  the  ancient  foun- 
tains of  learning  in  the  old  world,  to  the  new.  One  by  one,  in  those  old  seats  of  mis- 
government,  the  foundations  of  civil  order  are  giving  away,  and  successively  are  being 
transmitted  to  us  the  lights  of  ancient  learning.  What  Europe  parts  with,  we  inherit ; 
and  this  vast  legacy  is  growing  richer  every  hour.  Sooner  or  later,  the  accumulated 
literary  wealth  of  all  ages  will  come  to  us.  Heaven  has  decreed  it,  and  his  provi- 
dence will  bring  it  about. 


134  ARCHITECTURE. 

In  this  aspect  then,  as  the  medium  through  which  we  derive  this  ceaseless  and 
exhaustless  stream  of  light,  we  see  in  the  firm  we  are  speaking  of,  who  are  the 
gleaners  of  this  intellectual  wealth,  something  more  than  merchants  and  salesmen. 
They  are  doing  for  us,  in  this  first  florid  period  of  the  cultivation  of  letters,  what  the 
Medici  did  for  the  Florentine  Republic,  after  the  fall  of  Constantinople.  It  is  time  for 
our  eagle,  that  has  spread  his  pinions  over  such  vast  territories  of  the  earth's  surface, 
to  begin  to  wing  his  flight  into  the  Empyrium,  where  he  will  achieve  conquests  in  the 
empire  of  learning,  more  lasting  than  the  sceptre  of  the  Caesars.  Crowns,  thrones, 
presidencies  vanish,  and  are  lost  in  the  midst  of  the  ages  as  they  sweep  on,  but  science 
is  eternal. 


ARCHITECTURE, 


ENIUS,  history  proves,  is  not  hereditary.  The  children  of  a  king  are  not  neces- 
\Jf  sarily  kings,  nor  the  heirs  of  an  architect,  artists.  Nor  has  art  any  preference  for 
particular  times  or  countries,  being  a  universal  fact  of  human  development.  But  the 
aspect  and  forms  of  art  are  as  different  as  the  spirit  of  diiferent  ages  and  climates.  It 
need  be  no  discredit  to  us  in  America,  that  we  have  not  originated  a  style  of  Architec- 
ture ;  for  art  is  strictly  related  to  the  circumstances  of  life  that  surround  it.  That  art, 
therefore,  will  have  its  proper  place  in  our  national  development,  is  not  a  matter  of 
speculation,  but  of  science.  It  is  not  proved  by  the  erection  of  Greek  temples  for 
banking-houses,  or  of  ameliorated  Gothic  Cathedrals  for  Protestant  Churches ;  but  it 
is  to  be  found  in  the  thousand  new  aspects  that  belong  to  our  new  life. 

Architecture,  in  its  artistic  sense,  meaning  the  ornamental  structure  of  buildings,  re- 
ceives attention- and  progresses  with  the  advance  of  civilization.  It  regards  not  only 
the  exterior  of  the  house,  but  the  details  of  the  interior.  It  is  encouraging  to  mark 
the  great  progress  made  in  the  United  States  during  the  last  few  years,  in  the  general 
appreciation  and  patronage  of  Architecture.  The  public  mind  is  becoming  fully  im- 
pressed with  the  importance  of  these  subjects,  and  it  is  moving  in  the  right  direction. 
It  needs,  however,  constant  watchfulness  to  guard  against  the  errors  growing  out  of  a 
tendency  to  admire  what  is  overwrought  or  extravagant,  and  to  substitute  costliness  of 
material  for  beauty  of  form  and  elegance  of  design.  No  building  of  public  character, 
or  of  any  considerable  cost,  either  public  or  private,  should  be  undertaken  without  the 
aid  of  full  specifications  and  complete  working  drawings,  made  by  those  whose  study 
and  professed  business  it  is  to  do  this  very  thing  in  a  tasteful  and  proper  manner.  The 


Office,  Cor.  State  and  Randolph  Sts,, 


Having  removed  my  office  from  No.  82  Dearborn  Street  to  more  conveniently  arranged  rooms,  I 
would  call  the  attention  of  my  patrons  and  friends  to  the  accommodations  offered  them,  which  I 
trust  will  be  of  mutual  benefit,  and  facilitate  the  transaction  of  business. 

Having  met  with  such  a  degree  of  success  during  a  residence  of  eight  years  in  Chicago,  I  take 
pleasure  in  referring  my  patrons,  as  well  as  others,  who  may  be  about  to  build,  to  some  of  the  more 
important  structures  that  have  been  erected  from  my  designs,  and  under  my  immediate  super- 
vision, viz: 

Sherman  House,  corner  Clark  and  Randolph  Streets,  coat,  $200,000 


Newhall  House,  Milwaukee,  Wia., 
Metropolitan  Hotel,  corner  Randolph  and  Wells  Sts., 
Massasoit  House,  cor.  South  Water  and  Central  Av., 
Orient  House,  corner. Van  Buren  and  State  Streets, 
Garrett  Block,  corner  State  and  Randolph  Streets, 
Wadsworth  and  Keep's  Marble  Block,  corner  Wabash 

Avenue  and  Lake  Street, 
Mills',  and  others,  Marble  Block  of  seven  stores,  cor. 

Wabash  Avenue  and  Lake  Streot, 
Laflin's,  and  others,  block  of  uine  stores,  cor.  Wabash 

Avenue  and  South  Water  Street, 
Walter,  Rogers  and  Norton's  block  of  three  stores, 

River  Street, 


Reynolds,  Ely  &  Nowhall's  Block,  four  stores,  corner 

150,000              Michigan  Avenue  and  South  Water  Street.                "  60,000 

60,000       Looruis'  Marble  Block,  cor.  S.  Water  and  Clark  Streets,  "  20,000 

30,000       St  Paul's  Church,  (Universalist,)  Wabash  Avenue,           "  66,000 

25,000       First  Presbyterian  Church,  Wabash  Avenue,                    "  80,000 

60,000       M.  B.  Church,  Wabash  Avenue,                                         «  65,000 

North  Presbyterian  Church,  cor.  Indiana  and  Cass  Sts.,  "  25,000 

50,000       Second  Baptist  Church,  Quiucy,  Illinois,                          "  25,000 

First  Baptist  Church,  Dayton,  Ohio,                                   "  25,000 

140,000       Lombard  University,  Galesburg,  HI .,                                '•  30,000 

University  of  Chicago,  (partly  built, )                               "  150,000 

150,000       Young  Ladies'  Seminary,  at  Hyde  Park,                           •'  6,000 

Illinois  Stato  Penitentiary  at  Joliot,  by  Boyiugton  & 

tiO.OOO              Wheelock,  now  in  process  of  erection.    Present  cost,  600,000 
Marble  Terrace,  Michigan  Avenue,  containg  eleven  dwell- 
ings—average  cost  $20,000,                                             "  220,000 

And  some  thirty  separate  first  class  marble  front  dwellings,  on  Michigan  and  Wabash  Avenues  and  cross  streets,  between  said 

Avenues,  costing  from  five  to  forty  thousand  dollars  each— averaging  $15,000,  $460,000 

Together  with  some  two  hundred  buildings  in  different  parts  of  the  City,  State,  and  adjoining  States,  such  as  churches,  school- 
houses,  and  blocks  of  stores,  public  halls,  and  private  dwellings,  at  various  grades  of  cost. 

Having  successfully  accomplished  the  various  undertakings  before  mentioned,  to  the  general 
satisfaction  of  some  four  hundred  different  proprietors,  to  any  of  whom  reference  may  be  had,  which 
I  am  persuaded  should  be  a  sufficient  guarantee  that  works  entrusted  to  my  charge  will  be  executed 
with  integrity  and  ability. 

As  I  have  on  hand  a  large  collection  of  the  designs  and  plans  above  referred  to,  I  shall  take 
pleasure  to  show  them  to  persons  about  to  build,  from  which  they  may  gaiu  valuable  information. 

Please  give  me  a  call  at  the  new  office. 


W.  W.  BOYINGTON. 


ARCHITECTURE.  135 

difference  between  a  building  made  up  of  patch-work  features,  stolen  piecemeal  from 
one  and  another  existing  structure,  and  one  whose  every  feature  has  been  determined 
by  a  competent  and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  Architectural  principles,  though  it 
may  not  be  apparent  at  once  to  every  eye,  will  sooner  or  later  reveal  itself;  and  that 
difference  is  as  wide,  almost,  as  the  poles.  And  if  Architecture  should  either  be  satis- 
factory to  good  taste,  or  be  the  means  of  cultivating  it,  then  surely  attention  to  its 
quality  in  this  respect  is  not  out  of  place  or  unimportant. 

There  is  the  same  reason  for  employing  the  professed  and  competent  Architect,  as 
there^is  for  employing  the  rightly  educated  and  skillful  lawyer  or  physician  ;  and  we 
would  as  soon  entrust  an  important  legal  cause  to  the  merest  pettifogger,  as  leave  it  to 
one  who  only  knows  how  to  joint  boards  and  mortise  timber  to  build  a  house  for  us. 
There  are,  indeed,  in  many  of  our  towns  and  villages,  those  of  the  plane  and  saw  who 
also  have  an  eye  for  Architecture  as  an  art,  and  such  men  often  build  very  unexcep- 
tionable structures.  But  the  majority  of  carpenters  have  hardly  more  sense  of  what  is 
really  involved  in  Architecture,  than  is  needful  to  the  building  of  a  barn.  The  fine 
lines  and  just  and  graceful  proportions,  the  lights  and  shades,  the  proper  effects  of 
shape  and  material,  in  impressing  the  mind,  satisfying  or  cultivating  taste,  and  touch- 
ing the  heart,  while  answerinfltet  the  same  time,  the  grosser  and  primary  purposes  of 
any  structure  ;  these  capabilities  and  adaptations  of  Architecture,  the  ordinary  builder 
commonly  knows  little  or  nothing  of.  He  is  a  mere  hewer  of  timber,  or,  at  best,  a 
copyist  of  what  others  have  done,  and  too  often  without  the  judgment  necessary  even 
to  copy  appropriately.  And  so  we  see  such  builders  putting  Gothic  windows,  perhaps, 
\inder  a  Grecian  pediment ;  or  mixing  all  sorts  of  mouldings  and  characteristic  archi- 
tectural features,  in  one  and  the  same  building.  The  consequence  is,  that  as  those 
who  use  the  building  grow  in  taste,  while  the  building  remains  the  same  from  year  to 
year,  the  latter  becomes  more  and  more  unsatisfactory,  and  instead  of  being  cherished 
the  more  the  longer  it  stands,  is  soon  despised,  and  ere  long  deserted,  or  pulled 
down  to  make  room  for  a  better.  It  deserves  to  be  considered,  too,  in  this  connection, 
that  the  principles  of  Architecture  apply  to  one  structure  as  well  as  another ;  to  the 
humblest  and  simplest,  as  well  as  to  the  most  imposing  and  elaborate.  They  have 
place  as  truly  in  the  building  of  the  plainest  cottage  as  in  the  erection  of  a  palace  ;  in 
the  shaping  of  the  garden  fence  or  the  kitchen  chimney,  as  truly  as  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  a  portico  or  the  hanging  of  a  dome.  They  are  principles  altogether  independ- 
ent of  cost  in  their  application.  The  question  of  fitness  and  propriety,  as  well  as  that 
of  size  and  adequate  strength,  comes  in  wherever  a  board  is  to  be  sawn  or  a  timber 
hewn. 

This  young  city  of  forty  years'  growth  —  of  giant  proportions,  which  has  spnmg 

into  existence  with  its  unparalleled  activity,  can  claim  a  degree  of  architectural  beauty 
and  taste  in  many  of  its  public  and  private  edifices,  which  can  be  said  of  few  cities  of 
its  age  and  proportions.  For  this  diffusion  of  architectural  beauty  and  refinement,  we 
are  indebted  to  our  architects,  among  the  foremost  and  leading  of  whom  is  Mr.  W.  W. 


136  MEDICATED   BATHS. 

BOYINGTON.  We  take  pleasure  in  referring  to  some  of  the  more  important  structures 
that  have  been  erected  from  his  designs,  and  under  his  immediate  supervision ;  among 
which  may  be  mentioned,  the  Sherman  House,  Garrett  Block,  Loomis  Marble  Block, 
St.  Paul's  Church,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  University  of  Chicago,  Young  Ladies' 
Seminary,  at  Hyde  Park  ;  also,  Lombard  University,  Galesburg ;  Illinois  State  Peni- 
tentiary, at  Joliet,  besides  very  many  others  of  gqual  merit,  which  will  long  continue 
as  monuments  of  his  architectural  skill  and  taste.  Mr.  Boyington  has  been  a  resident 
of  Chicago  for  the  last  eight  years,  and  by  the  interest  he  has  manifested,  not  only  in 
Architecture,  but  in  every  good  work  whereby  civilization  could  be  advanced,  and 
suffering  humanity  relieved,  has  secured  for  him  a  wide  circle  of  friends.  He  has  re- 
cently removed  to  "  Garret  Block,"  corner  of  State  and  Kandolph  Streets,  where  he 
has  fitted  up  a  suite  of  commodious  rooms,  for  the  better  accommodation  of  his  in- 
creased business. 


0 

MEDICATED  BATHS, 


T)  ATIILNG  is  a  practice  of  great  antiquity.  It  prevailed  among  the  Greeks  as  early 
_D  as  the  heroic  age ;  and  we  even  find  mention  made  by  Homer  of  hot  baths  in  the 
Trojan  times,  although  these  seem  to  be  rare.  Although  bathing  among  the  ancients, 
made,  as  it  were  a  part  of  diet,  and  was  used  as  familiarly  as  eating  or  sleep,  yet,  as 
we  learn  from  PHny,  Hippocrates,  and  Oribaseus,  it  was  in  high  esteem  among  their 
physicians  as  a  cure  for  certain  diseases,  and  hence  their  frequent  exhortations  to 
washing  in  the  sea,  and  plunging  into  cold  water.  The  first  instance  of  cold  bathing 
for  medicinal  purposes  is  that  of  Melampus,  who  bathed  the  daughters  of  the  king  ol 
Argos,  and  the  first  instance  of  warm  bathing  is  that  of  Media,  who  was  said  to  boil 
people  alive,  probably  with  some  reason,  since  Pelias,  king  of  Thessaly  died  in  a  hot 
bath  under  her  hands. 

The  modern  baths  consist  of  hot,  warm,  tepid,  and  cold  baths,  in  which  the  water 
and  vapor  used,  are  either  prire  or  variously  medicated.  The  Turks  and  Persians 
have  regarded  the  bath  with  more  interest  than  any  other  people.  The  Russians 
are  such  lovers  of  vapor  baths,  that  St.  Petersburg!!  contains  an  immense  number  of 
these  establishments ;  whole  families,  men,  women,  and  children,  from  the  noble  to 
the  serf,  make  it  a  religious  observance. 

The  baths  used  by  the  modern  European  and  Americans  differ  essentially  from  the 
Turkish  and  Russian  baths,  in  that  the  vapor  of  water,  or  steam,  is  rarely  made  -use 


MEDICATED    BATHS.  137 

of  during  the  process  of  bathing  ;  the  operation  being  limited  to  washing  or  immers- 
ing the  body  in  water  of  varied  temperature,  according  as  the  person  wishes  a  tepid  or 
hot  bath.  The  vapor  bath  is  infinitely  superior  to  the  warm  bath  for  all  purposes 
for  which  a  warm  bath  can  be  given  ;  and  as  a  medical  agent  in  the  removal  and  alle- 
viation of  certain  chronic  diseases,  can  scarcely  be  over-praised. 

"Within  a  few  years  past  more  attention  has  been  given  to  the  bath  not  only  as  a 
luxury,  but  as  a  medicinal  agency.  The  experience  of  other  nations  has  been  hand- 
ed down  to  us,  and  we  are  beginning  to  profit  thereby.  In  cities,  and  large  towns, 
baths  are  established  under  the  management  of  medical  and  skillful  men.  In  the 
autumn  of  1856,  Mr.  E.  C.  GBEER  opened  a  bathing  establishment  at  No.  178  Madi- 
son Street.  The  rapidly  increasing  patronage  of  this  place  has  rendered  it  necessary, 
for  increased  facilities  and  greater  convenience  for  his  patrons,  to  secure  a  more  com- 
modious building,  located.at  No.  185  Madison  Street,  where  he  is  fitting  up  the  entire 
building  for  permanent  occupancy.  The  basement  will  be  fitted  up  for  a  swimming 
bath  nineteen  by  thirty  feet,  and  five  feet  deep,  supplied  by  a  continuous  running  stream. 
On  the  floor  above  will  be  eight  or  ten  vapor  baths,  the  medicinal  properties  of  which 
are  admitted  by  the  highest  medical  authority.  These  baths  possess  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing profuse  perspiration  in  any  state  of  the  body ;  therefore  its  effect  must  be 
salutary,  efficacious  and  powerful.  Its  immediate  effects  are  agreeable  and  pleasant, 
cleansing  the  whole  system,  causing  an  equal  stimulation  of  the  functions  of  the  skin, 
producing  animation,  liveliness  and  a  desire  for  food.  It  is  also  said  to  be  a  reliable 
remedy  for  fevers  of  every  kind.  Sulphur  vapor,  and  Mercury  baths,  are  most  bene- 
ficial, and  in  many  instances  a  certain  cure  for  Kheumatism  in  all  its  most  aggravated 
forms,  also  for  Salt  Rheum,  Scrofula,  Throat  Diseases,  Dyspepsia,  Costiveness,  Ner- 
vous Irritability,  and  all  Cutaneous  Diseases.  Mr.  Greer  proposes  to  furnish  the 
Oriental  bath,  the  same  in  principle  as  the  celebrated  Turkish  bath,  but  with  sub- 
stantial improvements.  This  establishment  is  patronized  by  physicians,  clergymen, 
and  the  highest  class  of  our  citizens.  In  all  respects  it  is  a  first  class  institution,  receiv- 
ing, and  meriting  the  full  confidence  of  the  community.  Its  management  could  not 
be  in  safer  or  in  better  hands.  Mr.  Greer  is  a  competent,  genial,  accommodating 
gentleman,  devoting  his  whole  time  and  talent  to  this  institution.  It  is  patronized  by 
ladies  of  the  best  class.  All  improper  persons  are  strictly  excluded. 

Location  No.  185  Madison  Street. 


WOOD  ENGRAVINQ. 


AMONG  the  miracles  of  the  present  time  is  the  taste  for  the  Fine  Arts,  which  forms 
a  prominent  characteristic  of  the  American  mind.  Instead  of  the  tasteless,  coarse, 
vulgar  pictures  which  within  living  memory,  embellished  illustrated  books,  we  now 
have  the  beautiful  engravings  on  wood,  executed  in  the  finest  style  of  art.  In  no 
branch  of  art  has  progress  been  so  palpable  and  satisfactory  as  in  wood  engraving.  It 
is  now  the  associate  of  the  studio — it  is  the  beloved  of  poets,  the  best  friend  of  the  pub- 
lishers, and  the  real  servant  and  benefactor  of  the  people.  The  first  illustrations  in  our 
popular  works  are  done  on  wood.  The  art  of  wood  engraving  is  a  law  into  itself,  and 
each  worker  at  the  shrine  becomes  responsible  for  his  labor  to  the  great  public  whose 
taste  is  to  be  gratified,  and  whose  sense  of  propriety  is  not  to  be  outraged.  As  each 
engraver  is  the  carver,  of  his  own  reputation,  we  instance  the  case  of  tie  Messrs. 
CHILDS,  whose  meritorious  works  of  wood  engraving  have  made  for  them  a  fame 
which  will  be  enduring. 

Mr.  S.  D.  Childs,  was  the  pioneer  engraver  of  this  western  country.  As  early  as 
1837  he  commenced  Wood  Engraving  in  Chicago,  when  it  was  comparatively  a  vil- 
lage :  but  being  the  only  engraver  here  at  that  time,  he  was  sought  for  to  do  all  other 
kinds  of  work  in  the  engraving  line,  such  as  seal-cutting,  stencil  cutting,  marking 
jewelry,  cutting  steel  stamps,  copper  engraving,  printing,  etc.,  and  often  to  keep  em- 
ployed he  busied  himself  in  carving  "and  sign  painting.  Since  then  Mr.  Childs  has 
raised  a  family  of  sonsxwho  also  have  become  Engravers,  keeping  pace  with  the  pro- 
gress of  the  age  in  Engraving,  and  to-day  this  establishment  represents  one  of  the 
leading  firms  in  this  business  in  the  North- West. 

Steadily  have  they  progressed  in  their  art  career,  winning  an  enviable  reputation, 
and  the  patronage  of  an  appreciative  public.  Only  a  few  years  ago,  publishers  of  the 
North-Wi/st  thought  it  necessary  to  send  to  Philadelphia  for  their  wood  engravings. 
At  the  present  day.  the  best  productions  of  Chicago  will  compare  favorably  with  any- 
thing produced  in  Philadelphia. 

The  highest  and  most  difficult  range  of  wood  engraving  consists  in  landscape 
scenery,  and  historical  pieces.  "Wood  is  capable  of  developing  any  effect  which  can  be 
brought  out  by  steel  or  copper,  with  the  single  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  mezzotint, 
which  is  neither  prized  nor  appreciated,  except  by  a  practical  artistic  eye.  Wood  en- 
graving is  superior  to  a  lithograph,  or  a  work  on  copper  or  steeL  First,  in  the  greater 


140  WOOD    ENGRAVING. 

rapidity  and  economy  with  which  they  can  be  transferred,  and  stereotyped,  and  put  in 
various  forms,  by  which  they  can  be  multiplied  ad  infinitum^  preserving  the  original 
work  of  the  artist,  which  is  never  destroyed.  Besides,  Wood  Engravings  admit  of 
producing  deeper  colors,  and  consequently  broader  effects  of  light  and  shade.  There 
are  certain  elements  of  nature  that  can  be  wrought  iipon  by  wood  by  the  engraver,  as 
they  never  have  been,  and  can  never  be,  on  copper  and  steel.  "Water  can  be  made 
more  translucent ;  the  fish  can  be  seen  deep  as  he  is  in  the  stream  ;  the  light  is  caught 
and  trembles,  and  held  glancingly,  dancingly,  ripplingly,  sheen-like,  as  it  can  never 
rest  on  the  paper  which  comes  from  its  impression  on  copper  and  steel ;  wherever  scene- 
ry can  be  thrown  in,  in  deeper,  richer,  lighter  masses ;  there  is  more  freedom  in  it;  you 
can  see  further  into  the  forest  engraved  on  wood,  there  is  more  transparency  of  atmos- 
phere, there  is  more  vigor,  vitality,  life,  power,  than  can  be  infused  into  any  other 
style  of  art. 

It  is  no  longer  a  question  —  will  it  add  to  the  interest  and  value  of  a  book  to  illus- 
trate well ;  that  it  will  be  is  regarded  as  a  matter  of  fact ;  and  it  therefore,  is  the  study 
of  publishers  and  authors  how  to  do  it  within  the  limits  of  a  reasonable  expense. 
There  is  no  doubt  but  that  nine-tenths  of  the  books  and  magazines  published  would  be 
beautifully  illustrated  if  the  expense  could  be  afforded  by  the  publisher  —  so  clearly  is 
the  taste  of  the  people  in  favor  of  these  miniature  and  easily  attainable  works  of  art  — 
for  such  works  they  are,  though  of  all  degrees  of  excellence,  of  course.  That  this  taste 
is  a  promising  one,  needs  little  argument  to  show ;  for,  as  in  the  case  of  the  more,  am- 
bitious efforts  of  the  studio  and  the  pallet,  the  more  love  and  encouragement  of  the 
reader,  and  early  attempts  of  the  artists,  it  will  be  sure  to  culminate  in  a  more  familial- 
knowledge  of  art,  and  a  taste  for  the  best  forms  of  expression. 

It  is  surprising  to  what  usefulness  the  wood  cut  can  be  adapted.  Is  there  a  design 
or  mechanical  drawing  required  —  is  a  house  to  be  daguerreotyped  —  is  a  landscape 
to  be  reproduced  —  is  a  history  or  fiction  to  have  its  scenes  and  characters  depicted  — 
the  infallible  "Wood  Engraving  is  called  into  requisition,  and  the  service  is  performed 
admirably  and  cheaply.  By  aid  of  the  electrotyping  process,  fac  similes  of  the  en- 
graving can  be  produced  to  any  number;  and  it  is  doubtful  if  half  the  actual  usefulness 
of  the  wood  process  has  yet  been  understood,  since  it  is  now  chiefly  employed  in  book 
and  newspaper  illustrations,  whlie  it  is  adapted  to  many  uses  in  ordinary  business. 

In  England,  illustrated  books  have  long  held  a  supremacy  in  market,  and  the  Amer- 
ican publisher,  with  a  few  exceptions,  prefers  to  have  his  work  done  abroad,  for  he 
says,  "  what  smells  of  London  ink  sells  best  to  American  tastes."  We  do  not  believe 
this  is  true.  If  a  work  is  handsomely  printed,  appropriately  illustrated,  and  artisti- 
cally bound,  we  do  not  think  any  purchaser  would  stop  to  inquire  the  nationality  ot 
the  hands  which  produced  the  volume.  It  is  true,  as  specimens  of  beauty  and  artistic 
excellence  in  typography  and  illustration,  those  exquisite  editions  of  Longfellow,  Bry- 
ant, Poe,  etc. —  the  "  Court  of  Beauty,"  "  Shakspeare's  Heroines,"  were  produced 
abroad.  It  only  requires  that  our  publishers  and  authors  should  recognize  the  ability 


SEED    AND    IMPLEMENT    WAREHOUSE.  141 

of  our  best  engravers  to  have  as  exquisite  work  from  their  hands,  if  we  may  judge 
from  the  various  specimens  of  Messrs.  Childs,  which  have  come  under  our  notice. 

By  the  foregoing  remarks,  we  would  not  have  our  readers  infer  that  the  art  of  Wood 
Engraving  is  chiefly  adapted  for  book  and  paper  illustration.  It  is  particularly  fitted 
to  more  practical  uses,  such  as  envelope  illumination,  (now  become  so  popular  with 
business  houses,)  bill-heads,  circulars,  stamps,  labels,  etc.,  etc.  It  is  now  becoming 
a  matter  almost  of  necessity  to  every  good  business  house,  to  use  this  beautiful  and 
economical  system  of  advertising.  A  tint  block  is  engraved  the  size  of  the  envelope 
—  the  name  of  the  person  or  firm,  and  business  and  address,  being  sunk  so  as  to  ap- 
pear in  semi-relief;  and  thus  we  have  the  business  card  covering  the  whole  face  of  the 
envelope,  yet  in  such  faint  lines  as  to  mar  it  in  no  way  for  the  superscription  with  the 
pen.  This  "  tinting "  process  can  be  applied  to  various  things,  such  as  bills,  letter- 
heads, etc.,  and,  ere  long,  will  be  very  generally  used.  We  may  advise  all  who  com- 
mission Messrs.  Childs  —  who  are  doing  a  large  amount  of  this  serviceable  work,  and 
have  facilities  for  doing  it  at  moderate  prices  —  that  they  will  give  entire  satisfaction. 

Parties  at  a  distance,  who  wish  any  kind  of  Wood  Cuts,  can  have  them  executed  at 
this  establishment  with  promptness  and  perfectness,  simply  by  giving  correct  drawings. 
With  a  good  photograph,  or  ambrotype,  or  daguerreotype,  the  engraver  will  provide  a 
correct  portrait  on  wood  in  a  short  time.  Thus  it  is  easy  for  persons  at  a  distance  to 
obtain  any  required  engraving  they  may  order,  on  the  shortest  notice. 

Messrs.  Childs  are  located  at  No.  117£  Randolph  Street,  next  door  to  Kingsbury 
Hall. 


SEED  AND  IMPLEMENT  WAREHOUSE, 

THE  Seed  trade  of  Chicago,  though  in  comparison  with  many  other  branches,  one 
of  very  limited  extent,  is  nevertheless  entitled  to  consideration,  when  discussing 
the  industrial  pursuits  of  our  citizens.  We  cannot  claim  for  its  extent  and  manage- 
ment hitherto  all  which  it  should  have  been,  for  a  great  commercial  centre  like  Chi- 
cago. The  objections  which  have  hitherto  existed,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  in  a  great 
degree  be  removed,  and  here  we  shall  have  all  the  facilities  extended  for  procuring 
Seeds  of  the  most  accredited  quality  and  description  that  can  be  desired.  Many  of 
the  Seeds  formerly  sold  in  this  market  were  obtained  in  Europe,  where  the  effect  of 
cheap  labor  upon  prices,  coupled  with  freedom  from  imports  at  home,  enables  the  im- 
porter to  purchase  many  articles  for  sale  here  at  a  cost  far  below  the  actual  expense  of 
production  in  this  country.  The  humid  climate  of  Great  Britain,  from  which  country 
the  major  portions  of  all  are  obtained,  is  not  favorable  to  ripening  seeds,  and  many 


142  SEED    AND   IMPLEMENT    WAREHOUSE. 

kinds  suffer  by  a  sea-voyage  —  so  greatly  do  they  swell  that  the  twine  on  papered  par- 
cels is  not  unfrequently  embedded  or  burst  by  the  expansion ;  and  in  either  case,  there 
is  reason  to  believe  Seeds  already  impaired  by  age  are  shipped  to  this  "  Western  wil- 
derness." Still,  so  low  priced  are  many,  in  comparison  with  the  American,  that  the 
mere  dealer,  whose  study  is  to  buy  cheap,  imports  his  stock  —  perhaps  not  recklessly, 
but  trusting  for  the  best,  and  anxious  to  quote  low  prices  to  the  country  merchant  —  a 
fatal  policy  —  affording  pleasure  or  profit  to  none  in  the  end.  The  merchant  who  re- 
tails them,  enticed  by  low  quotations,  is  beset  by  indignant  planters ;  and  the  market- 
gardener  who  has  unfortunately  staked  his  crop  upon  the  issue,  finds  his  land  and  labor 
for  the  season  have  been  cast  away  —  far  better  for  him  had  he  paid  the  full  price  for 
American  or  imported  seeds  of  reliable  character.  Loud  and  bitter  have  been  the  de- 
nunciations by  our  agricultural  community  against  these  dealers — and,  perhaps,  justly 
and  deservedly  so. 

There  never  has  been  a  period  in  the  history  of  eur  country  when  so  much  interest 
has  been  manifested  as  at  the  present  time  in  procuring  rare,  valuable  and  reliable 
Seeds,  not  only  from  every  section  of  oiir  own  country,  but  from  every  part  of  the 
civilized  world.  This  indicates  a  higher  civilization  and  the  advance  of  science  in  the 
domain  of  agriculture.  As  the  wants  of  a  people  increase,  facilities  adequate  to  the 
demand  are  usually  to  be  found.  The  opening  of- another  Seed  and  Agricultural 
"Warehouse  in  this  city,  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  wants  of  the  people,  by 
Mr.  A.  H.  HOVEY,  late  of  Boston,  Mass.,  gives  very  general  satisfaction  to  all  who  are 
interested  in  agricultural  pursuits.  That  he  is  "the  right  man  in  the  right  place," 
we  need  only  advise  the  public  that  Mr.  Hovey  is  of  the  Boston  stock  of  the  same 
name,  and  by  them  was  educated  in  this  most  important  branch  of  trade. 

Mr.  Hovey,  having  acceded  to  the  proposition  of  Western  men,  to  locate  in  Chica- 
go, has  taken  the  spacious  'store,  No.  73  Lake  Street,  and  opened  a  SEED  AND  IMPLE- 
MENT WAREHOUSE,  for  the  sale  of  the  best  seeds  grown  in  this  country,  raised  by  old 
and  experienced  raisers  at  the  East ;  and  such  as  cannot  be  procured  in  this  country 
are  imported  from  some  of  the  most  reliable  Seedsmen  in  Europe.  Here  may  be  found 
not  only  the  best  seeds,  but  the  best  assortment  the  country 'affords.  His  facilities  for 
supplying  any  seeds  he  may  not  have  on  hand  are  such  as  to  enable  him  to  execute 
orders  for  large  or  small  quantities  with  dispatch.  The  FLOWER  SEED  department  is 
becoming  a  leading  feature  in  this  branch  of  trade.  Mr.  Hovey  will  keep  not  only  all 
the  «ld  and  most  favorite  varieties,  but  any  new  and  rare  kinds  which  may  be  intro- 
duced at  the  East.  He  will  promptly  execute  all  orders  for  Tr^es,  Plants,  Shrubbery, 
Bulbs,  etc. 

Many  new  and  ingenious  articles  of  Garden  and  Farming  Implements  ;  also  Books 
on  Horticulture,  etc.,  etc.,  will  be  found  at  this  store.  We  have  seen  no  other  place  in 
the  West,  which,  in  all  its  management,  arrangement  and  completeness,  reminds  us  so 
much  of  "  THORBURN'S,"  of  John  street,  New  York,  as  tin's  Seed  and  Implement 
Warehouse  of  Mr.  Hovey's.  The  rapid  increase  of  the  farm  garden  and  orchard  in- 


MERCANTILE   UNIVERSITY.  143 

terest  of  the  North-West — the  great  influx  of  emigration  throughout  the  rural  districts 
—  the  unparalleled  development  of  our  agricultural  resources,  give  an  importance  to 
the  location  of  a  house  of  this  character  in  this  city,  which  will  be  beneficially  felt 
throughout  the  vast  region  from  whence  Chicago  derives  her  extensive  trade. 


MERCANTILE  UNIVERSITY,  OR  ILLINOIS  SCHOOL  OF 

TRADE. 


AMONG  European  nations,  mercantile  education  in  the  theory  and  practice,  is 
regarded  quite  as  essential  as  those  ordinary  studies,  which  among  us  are  consid- 
ered indispensable  in  every  system.  We  rejoice  that  in  this  respect  at  least,  the 
European  standard  of  education  is  being  gradually  introduced  into  this  country  ;  and 
the  success  which  Prof.  DYHBENFUETH'S  ILLINOIS  SCHOOL  OF  TRADE  has  met  with  is 
one  of  the  encouraging  signs  visible,  from  which  we  borrow  the  hope  that  the  period 
is  not  far  distant  when  our  children  will  be  favored  with  as  high  facilities  for  this 
branch  of  education,  which  are  universal  among  the  better  classes  of  other  nations,  as 
they  are  now  favored  with  in  the  ordinary  departments  of  intellectual  culture. 

The  cultivation  of  trade,  which  is  now  deemed  a  most  important  branch  in  the 
administration  of  paternal  governments,  has  always  stood  foremost  among  the  claims 
which  the  American  people  exact  from  its  governing  power.  Our  best  historians  have 
too  clearly  defined  the  advantages  a  country  derives  materially  from  a  well  directed 
commerce,  to  dwell  with  any  doubt  on  the  subject,  and  we,  as  a  people,  have,  and  do 
bend  all  our  energies  in  that  direction  to  become,  if  we  are  not  so  already,  the  first 
commercial  nation  of  the  globe,  or  what  amounts  to  the  same,  to  establish  our  country 
as  the  centre  of  trade. 

Trade  is  a  science  to  be  acquired  by  study  only,  the  practical  application  of  which  is 
to  teach  us  to  avoid  the  many  errors  which  are  daily  occurring  in  a  mercantile  commu- 
nity from  a  want  of  knowledge  of  the  true  principles  of  trade.  The  first  nation  to 
appreciate  the  advantages  of  a  thorough  systematic  business  education  were  the  Ger- 
mans. The  government  granted  liberal  endowments  for  establishing  institutions  for 
commercial  education,  the  first  of  which  was  located  at  Hamburg,  in  1867,  the  Ecole 
upecmle  de  Commerce  et  del?  Industrie.  The  most  important  one  was  established  in 
Paris  in  1820,  and  it  was  followed  in  1831  by  the  school  of  Trade  at  Leipsic  which 
rose  to  great  fame.  Since  then  schools  of  a  similar  kind  have  become  general  on  the 
European  continent ;  and  it  has  in  some  respects  become  necessary  for  all  aspirants  to 


144  MERCANTILE    UNIVERSITY. 

mercantile  employment,  to  pass  a  regular  course  of  instruction  in  one  of -these  schools 
of  Trade. 

"Within  the  last  few  years  Commercial  Colleges  have  been  established  in  this  coun- 
try, and  are  receiving  gratifying  encouragement  —  for  the  people  have  felt  their 
necessity,  and  are  nobly  responding  to  their  patronage.  Under  competent  instructors 
much  theoretical  business  knowledge  is  imparted  to  the  student,  and  he  is  thoroughly 
made  acquainted  with  practical  book-keeping  in  all  its  minute  details  —  thoroughly 
fitted  on  leaving  the  school  to  take  charge  of  the  books  of  the  counting  house.  There 
is  in  this  respect  an  assimilation,  in  a  degree,  to  foreign  schools.  But  this  does  not 
satisfy  the  demands  of  our  practical  business  men.  While  we  give  much  credit  to  the 
Germans  as  great  theorists,  we  pride  ourselves  upon  giving  life  to  their  theories,  by 
carrying  them  into  practice,  and  thus  it  is  necessary  for  our  business  students  to  learn 
in  these  schools  how  to  carry  the  theories  of  business  into  practical  life.  This  subject 
has  been  fully  appreciated  and  carried  out  by  Mr.  Dyhrenfurth,  one  of  our  most  talent- 
ed and  practical  teachers,  whose  early  education  at  the  Leipsic  School  of  Trade,  and 
for  more  than  twenty-five  years  had  the  advantages  of  a  practical  business  experience 
in  our  own  and  foreign  countries,  as  merchant  and  banker,  has  peculiarly  fitted  him 
to  manage  a  mercantile  institution  of  this  kind.  Few  men  have  enjoyed  the  same 
facilities,  of  acquiring  a  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  this  peculiar  branch  of  educa- 
tion, and  possess  the  genius  and  tact  in  imparting  it  to  others,  as  Prof.  Dyhrenfurth. 
At  the  request  of  some  of  the  most  influential  business  men  of  Chicago,  who  had  been 
advised  of  the  successful  operations  of  Prof.  Dyhrenfurth's  School  of  Trade,  established 
at  Waukegan,  in  1858,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  establish  a  similar  school  in  this  city 
for  the  better  education  of  our  young  men,  who  are  preparing  for  mercantile  persuits. 
As  a  citizen  of  Chicago  we  are  proud  to  welcome  Prof.  Dyhrenfurth  as  an  educator  of 
our  young  men  in  the  practical  science  of  commercial  pursuits.  That  this  institution  is 
becoming  fully  appreciated,  is  fully  attested,  by  the  great  number  Jwho  seek  admis- 
sion as  students.  One  such  institution  as  this,  located  in  our  midst,  will  eifect  an 
influence  for  good,  which  will  be  felt  in  all  coming  time.  It  is  not  the  moderate  price 
of  twenty-five  dollars  for  a  life  scholarship,  which  ensures  the  success  of  the  college ; 
but  the  thoroughness  with  which  students  are  there  prepared  to  became  intelligent 
and  practical  business  men  will  always  be  appreciated.  It  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
noblest  and  most  useful  institutions  in  the  West.  Here  are  culminating,  and  central- 
izing all  the  elements  of  commercial  influence  and  power,  and  doubtless,  will  yet 
become,  and  at  no  distant  period,  the  most  extensive  inland  commercial  city  on  this 
continent.  Chicago  of  to-day  presents  one  of  the  most  remarkable  instances  of  sudden 
rise  to  commercial  importance  to  be  found  in  our  age.  Then  here  we  should  have 
established  and  supported  liberally,  the  best  schools  for  educating  our  young  men  in 
the  science  of  trade  and  commerce. 

A  preparatory  class  for  boys  has  lately  been  added  to  the  School  of  Trade. 

Prof.  Dyhrenfurth's  College  of  Trade  in  located  in  Burch's  Bank  Building,  corner 
of  Lake  and  LaSalle  Streets. 


AUCTION  AND  COMMISSION, 


ONE  of  the  most  important  branches  of  trade  and  commerce,  in  every  city  and  town 
of  note,  and  one  of  great  convenience  and  advantage  to  those  who  wish  to  make 
quick  sales  and  sure  returns,  and  those  who  wish  to  purchase  and  get  their  money's 
worth  for  the  money,  is  the  Auction  and  Commission  House.  The  Auctioneer,  who 
is  the  presiding  genius,  or  the  middle  man  between  the  purchaser  and  buyer,  of  tact 
and  commercial  talent,  is  presumed  to  know  the  wants  of  all  the  customers  who  visit 
his  establishment ;  therefore  exposes  to  sale  the  right  goods  at  the  right  time,  to  the 
customers.  An  Auction  room  is  also  a  place  where  wit  and  mirth  often  hold  "  high 
carnival,"  and  an  hour  spent  with  the  jovial  Auctioneer  is  of  more  benefit  to  the 
dyspeptic  and  hypochondriac,  than  the  most  exhilarating  elixir  or  the  physician's  best 
prescription.  "  Laugh  and  grow  fat,"  is  an  old  axiom,  and  if  coupled  with  the  fact 
that  you  can  get  what  you  want,  and  that  at  a  "great  bargain,"  then,  indeed,  was  the 
philosopher  quite  right  in  saying  that  "  at  the  Auction  Koom  one  gets  his  money's 
worth  for  his  money.'1'' 

There  is  no  legitimate  branch  of  trade,  where  so  great  a  number  and  variety  of 
articles  are  so  readily  disposed  of  as  at  auction,  because  a  great  number  of  persons 
attend  the  sales,  and  they  all  go  with  the  determination  of  buying  if  the  articles  they 
want  are  offered,  and  provided  some  one  else  does  not  bid  more  than  they  are  inclined 
to  pay.  This  is  the  only  branch  of  trade  through  which  the  purchaser  gets  articles  at 
his  own  price. 

There  seems  to  exist  a  prevalent  idea,  that  only  a  second  rate  class  of  goods  are  sold 
at  auction,  and  that  Auctioneers  are  all  disposed  to  overrate  and  misrepresent  the 
articles  offered  by  them  for  sale.  The  fact  is  that  this  is  as  honest  and  legitimate  a 
branch  of  business  as  any  other  class  of  merchandising,  when  conducted  on  high  toned 
and  honorable  principles.  That  we  have  in  our  community,  men  of  this  latter  class, 
who  are  engaged  in  this  business,  has  never  been  disputed.  Among  the  number,  as  an 
illustration,  we  would  instance  the  popular  Auction  and  Commission  House  of  JOHN 
PAKKEE,  at  115  and  117  Dearborn  Street.  Having  been  engaged  in  the  business  in 
this  city  for  the  past  twelve  years,  he  is  a  thorough  master  of  it,  in  all  its  detail,  and 
his  integrity  and  capacity  as  a  business  man  and  as  a  salesman,  receive  the  unqualified 
confidence  of  the  consignee,  and  all  who  enjoy  the  pleasure  of  his  acquaintance.  His 
19 


14C. 


AVHOLESALE    DKU6GISTS. 


aim  is  to  do  a  straight-forward  legitimate  business,  regardless  of  the  course  pursued  by 
others. 

The  new  fire-proof  brick  building  of  Mr.  Parker,  designed  and  executed  especially 
for  the  business,  is  the  best,  largest  and  most  convenient  building  for  that  purpose  in 
this  or  any  other  western  city,  or  perhaps  in  the  United  States.  It  is  centrally  located 
on  the  east  side  of  Dearborn  Street,  that  great  thoroughfare  for  pedestrians,  where  one 
can  step  in  without  going  out  of  one's  way. 

The  Auction  Room  is  forty  by  one  hundred  feet,  well  lighted  and  admirably  arrang- 
ed for  convenience.  The  second  floor  is  also  a  salesroom  of  the  same  size.  He  sells 
wholly  on  commission,  at  public  or  private  sale,  and  his  consignments  embrace  almost 
every  article  that  can  be  imagined,  principally  Dry  Goods,  Clothing,  Groceries,  Boots 
and  Shoes,  Yankee  Notions,  Furniture,  Musical  Instruments,  etc.,  etc.  "We  look  upon 
his  as  a  model  Auction  House,  and  Mr.  Parker  as  a  model  Auctioneer. 


WHOLESALE  DRUGGISTS- 


WHEN  Prince  Napoleon  visited  Chicago  last 
summer,  in  nothing  was  he  more  sur- 
prised than  in  the  extent  of  our  commerce  — 
the  magnificence  of  our  stores  —  the  extent  and 
richness  of  our  merchandise  —  and  the  intelli- 
gence, and  business  education  of  our  merchants, 
several  of  the  leading  representative  houses  of 
which  he  visited,  and  expressed  his  surprise  at 
our  combined  commercial  advantages,  and  at  all 
the  elements  of  wealth  and  prosperity  culmina- 
ting here,  to  be  developed  to  a  still  greater  ex- 
tent. We  first  heard  of  the  Prince  at  the  great 
book  and  publishing  house  of  S.  C.  Griggs  & 
Co. —  then  at  other  representative  houses  in  va- 
rious branches  of  commerce.  On  visiting  the 
wholesale  Drug  House  of  LOKD  &  SMITH,  which 
occupied  the  next  door  to  Griggs',  he  remarked,  after  looking  through  their  extensive 
establishment,  "If  this  does  not  represent  the  right  arm  of  power,  and  the  trne  dignity 
of  American  merchandising,  then  I  have  not  seen  it  on  this  continent."  And  Prince 


WHOLESALE   DRUGGISTS.  147 

Napoleon  was  right !  In  Chicago  we  have  many  such  merchants  of  true  mercantile 
dignity — mercantile  integrity  —  and  mercantile  education,  in  the  fullest  acceptation 
of  the  term.  These  are  the  men  who  are  not  only  laying  broad  and  deep  the  foun- 
dation, upon  which  is  to  be  reared  one  of  the  largest  and  most  prosperous  cities  on 
this  continent ;  but  are  shedding  luster  and  prosperity  upon  the  present,  and  diffusing 
intelligence  and  virtue,  thereby  advancing  civilization  in  this  great  valley,  and 
throughout  the  regions  of  the  North-West,  which  are  rapidly  being  settled  by 
refugees  and  emigrants  fleeing  from  the  crumbling  thrones  and  despotisms  of  the  old 
world. 

The  Drug  House  of  which  we  have  spoken  above,  is  one  of  our  oldest,  most 
respectable,  and  strongest  firms  in  Chicago — moving  on  quietly,  yet  boldly  and  success- 
fully, because  justly  and  perseveringly ;  rising  superior  to  all  obstacles,  and  becoming 
more  widely  and  favorably  known  throughout  the  North-West, 

Among  some  of  the  leading  articles  represented  by  this  firm,  we  will  mention  only 
a  few,  for  want  of  space  —  Drugs,  Paints  and  Oils,  Brushes,  "Window  and  Druggists' 
Glass,  Kerosene,  Acids,  Chemicals,  Varnishes,  Patent  Medicines,  Alcohol,  Surgical 
Instruments,  Extracts,  Perfumery,  Concentrated  Preparations,  etc.,  etc. 

Messrs.  Lord  &  Smith  are  the  chief  dealers  in  Patent  Medicines  for  the  North- 
West,  of  which  they  send  forth  large  quantities,  the  healing  balm  to  alleviate  the 
distresses  of  the  wounded,  bruised  and  sick.  These  remedies  are  very  often  successful 
where  the  regular  practitioner  pronounces  the  case  hopeless.  Patent  Medicines  have 
their  opponents,  not  less  than  advocates.  There  are  other  men  besides  those  who 
belong  to  the  established  school  of  medical  science,  who  have  changed  human  affairs, 
and  affected  the  destiny  of  their  fellow  men  all  over  the  earth.  The  manufacture  of 
chemicals  in  the  United  States  may  be  said  to  date  from  the  war  of  1812.  The  com- 
mercial restrictions  which  preceded  that  war,  caused  such  a  scarcity  and  dearness  of 
chemicals,  that  the  preparation  of  the  more  prominent  articles  offered  an  attractive 
field  for  the  enterprise.  The  chemicals  kept  by  this  house  have  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion for  purity,  exactness  and  beauty.  They  sell  no  others  but  those  they  can  safely 
recommend.  Of  Oils,  they  deal  largely  in  Lard,  Coal,  Kerosene,  Linseed,  and  others. 
Druggists'  Glass-ware  has  become  a  leading  business,  represented  in  this  city  by  only 
a  few  firms.  Lord  &  Smith  have  always  on  hand  a' full  supply,  such  as  Druggists' 
Vials,  Jars,  Demijohns,  Carboys,  etc.  This  kind  of  glass  is  made  of  ordinary  materi- 
als—  generally  sand  with  lime,  and  sometimes  clay  and  alkaline  ashes  of  any  kind  ; 
but  great  care  and  experience  are  required,  particularly  in  making  bottles  that  are  to 
contain  effervescing  fluids.  The  materials  must  be  carefully  and  thoroughly  fused,  and 
the  thickness  uniform  throughout,  to  resist  the  pressure  of  the  contained  carbonic  acid. 
Reliable  houses,  only,  should  be  dealt  with  in  this  line.  Of  Acids,  their  list  includes 
Soda-ash,  Alum,  Copperas,  Aquafortis,  Nitric  and  Muriatic  Acids ;  all  the  various 
preparations  of  Tin  for  the  use  of  dyers.  Of  Surgical  Instruments,  here  a  full  assort- 
ment may  be  selected,  of  the  most  approved  manufactures. 


148  WHOLESALE    DRUGGISTS. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  establishment  in  the  North-West  that  keeps  so  large  a  stock  or 
better  assortment  of  pure  Medicinal  Preparations;  as  Solids, -Extracts,  Concentrated 
Preparations,  Fluids,  Fluid  Extracts ;  also,  Pharmaceutic  Sugar-Coated  Pills  and 
Granules,  with  all  new  preperations,  as  this  house  of  Lord  &  Smith.  These  last 
named  articles  are  mostly  the  preparations  of  Tilden  &  Co.,  so  well  and  favorably 
known  to  the  medical  faculty,  wherever  the  healing  art  is  practiced. 

A  large  supply  of  pure  Native  "Wines  and  Brandies  for  medicinal  and  sacramental 
uses,  may  be  found  at  this  establishment. 

Mr.  Lord,  the  senior  partner,  has  been  engaged  in  the  Drug  business,  without  inter- 
ruption, for  twenty-four  years,  and  for  the  last  live  years  in  Chicago.  He  succeeded  the 
firm  of  Bay  &  Baldwin.  Dr.  L.  H.  Smith  became  a  partner  in  1859,  since  when  the 
firm  has  been  Lord  &  Smith.  They  removed  from  No.  43  Lake  Street,  about  the  first 
of  April  of  the  present  season,  to  their  present  elegant  location,  No.  23  Lake  Street. 
Their  store  is  six  stories  high,  including  a  fine  basement,  main  building  twenty-six  by 
one  hundred.  This  is  probably  the  most  extensive  drug  establishment  in  Chicago. 
They  do  a  cash  business,  and  short  time  to  cash  purchasers.  The  whole  amount  of 
the  drug  trade  in  Chicago  will'probably  exceed  $3,000,000  per  annum. 


1C  AGO,  IXI.IMOI; 


THE  SHERMAN  HOUSE. 


OPPOSITE,  we  present  a  fine  view  of  the  latest  and  one  of  the  grandest  Palatial 
Hotels  in  the  metropolis  of  the  "West.  It  is  a  bijou  of  architecture  and  taste,  and 
occupies  one  of  the  best  sites  of  any  hotel  in  Chicago.  It  stands  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Court  House  Square ;  its  southern  aspect  overlooking  the  park  with  its  fountains 
and  foliage.  Chicago  has  long  been  celebrated  for  the  extent  and  science  of  her  hotel 
keeping.  But  this  vast  and  superb  structure,  that  lifts  its  marble  front  on  the  corner 
of  Clark  and  Randolph  Streets,  in  the  Italian  order  of  architecture,  seven  stories  in 
height —  counting  its  basement  —  with  a  front  on  Clark  and  Randolph  Streets  of  three 
hundred  and  thirty  feet,  and  a  height  of  ninety-six  feet  from  the  lower  floor,  excels 
all  others  hitherto  erected  in  the  great  West.  It  was  built  by  the  man  whose  name  it 
bears,  who  is  one  of  our  oldest  and  most  esteemed  citizens.  Standing  on  the  corner 
of  two  great  thoroiighfares,  it  is  accessible  from  every  quarter ;  and  when  at  last  it  was 
adjudged  entirely  complete,  with  the  exception  of  a  Master,  whose  experience,  urban- 
ity, hospitality  and  taste  would  ensure  for  its  guests  a  warm  and  genial  welcome,  Mr. 
P.  B.  Roberts  consented  to  conduct  the  new  Hotel.  A  vast  sum  was  expended  upon 
the  house  itself.  It  was  furnished  with  all  the  conveniences  and  luxuries  of  the  most 
princely  palace.  The  furniture  is  rosewood,  the  curtains  are  silk  and  damask,  the  car- 
pets are  velvet.  No  improvement  has  ever  been  introduced  into  an  American  hotel, 
which  is  not  found  here.  Those  who  explore  it,  and  examine  all  its  machinery,  will 
find  that  it  embraces  a  combination  of  everything  that  the  spirit  of  invention,  taste, 
hospitality  or  elegance  could  suggest.  Its  perfect  arrangements  in  the  halls,  parlors, 
and  suits  of  rooms,  its  attendants,  its  exuberant  larder,  and  its  exquisite  cuisine^  are 
the  admiration  of  every  guest.  As  to  the  manner  in  which  the  hotel  is  kept,  there 
is  but  one  opinion,  and  although  so  much  has  been  written  about  it,  and  a  ca- 
pricious and  exacting  public  had  been  led  to  expect  everything,  yet  its  opening  so  far 
exceeded  the  expectations,  that  it  carried  the  public  captive. 

No  private  establishment,  however  expensive,  can  hope  to  equal  in  these  particulars 
the  accommodations,  luxury  and  style  of  this  Hotel ;  while  the  table,  with  its  unrestrict- 
ed field  for  good  breeding,  and  good  manners  of  every  style,  is  a  great  high-school 
of  refinement,  in  which  the  greatest  boor  from  the  country,  and  the  most  hope- 
less case  of  mauvaise  honte,  gets  his  asperities  rounded  off,  his  awkwardness  smoothed 
away,  and  the  wrinkles  ironed  out  of  his  character  and  carriage.  A  man  or  woman 


150  SHERMAN   HOUSE. 

will  learn  more  of  the  world,  and  of  that  je  ne  sais  quoi  which  distinguishes  the  cos- 
mopolite from  the  countryman,  by  a  brief  residence  at  such  a  hotel,  than  by  making 
the  grand  tour  of  Europe.  It  is  in  effect  a  very  considerable  approximation  towards  all 
the  advantages,  improvements  and  economies  possible  in  the  household  of  a  rich  and 
refined  gentleman.  One  can  live  at  the  SHERMAN  HOUSE  in  a  style  of  the  most 
recherche  luxury,  excelling  anything  found  in  any  private  house  on  any  terms,  and 
at  a  rate  not  greater  than  it  requires  to  subsist  in  the  meagerest  and  most  common- 
place manner  in  a  solitary  and  out-of-the-way  private  dwelling. 

There  was  a  degree  of  elegance  and  refinement,  of  harmony  and  taste,  and  yet 
withal  of  chasteness  and  unostentation,  that  the  guests  seemed  to  feel,  and  certainly 
they  acted,  less  as  though  they  were  in  a  public  hotel  than  a  private  palace.  While 
this  will  be  a  grand  Mecca  of  hospitality,  it  is  supposed  that  its  Master  will  make  it  the 
great  rallying  place  in  the  North- West  for  the  travelers  from  every  part  of  our  coun- 
try, and  from  the  old  world,  to  many  thousands  of  whom  the  proprietor  has  many 
years  been  known,  for  his  kind,  genial  and  generous  hospitalities.  Among  the  attaches, 
and  intimately  associated  with  the  management  of  this  house,  is  Mr.  S.  Hawk,  former- 
ly "  mine  host  of  the  Richmond  House,"  the  man  to  whom  all  the  West  has  paid  its 
tribute,  as  its  most  distinguished  hotel-keeper,  and  from  whom  he  has  won  golden 
opinions.  This  Hotel  has  all  the  charms  of  home,  for  it  has  all  its  elements  of  com 
fort,  quiet,  independence  and  Inxury. 


METROPOLITAN  HOTEL, 


/CHICAGO  for  many  years  has 
V^  been  famous  for  its  Hotels.  On 
the  south-west  corner  of  Randolph 
and  Wells  Streets,  in  former  years 
stood  the  old  "  Planter's  House."  In 
the  years  1855  and  1856,  it  was  taken 
down,  and  on  its  eligible  site  was 
erected  the  present  commodious  build- 
ing, known  all  over  the  North-West  I 
as  the  Metropolitan ;  kept  by  that  so- 
cial, genial  and  kind-hearted  man, 
Mr.  B.  H.  SKINNEB,  formerly  of  Bos- 
ton, who  takes  pride  in  being  the  keeper  of  one  of  the  best  Hotels  in  Chicago.  He 
has  a  fondness  for  seeing  everything  go  right ;  and  it  has  long  since  ceased  to  be  a 
burden  to  him  to  administer  the  affairs  of  a  vast  House.  His  equanimity  is  never  dis- 
turbed; he  is  always  happy  to  see  his  old  friends,  and  every  new  guest  feels,  before 
they  have  been  in  his  house  twenty-four  hours,  that  they  may  number  him  among 
their  acquaintances. 

In  September,  1861,  the  Hotel  May,  adjoining  on  Wells  Street,  containing  sixty 
rooms,  was  added  to  the  Metropolitan,  which  now  contains  two  'hundred  and  twenty 
sleeping  rooms,  neatly  furnished  throughout,  well  ventilated,  lighted  with  gas,  and 
furnished  with  luxurious  spring  beds.  Its  table  d?  hote  is  not  only  enriched  by  every 
luxury,  but  served  as  noiselessly  and  unostentatiously  as  a  private  table.  Its  head 
cook  (Mr.  John  Murray,)  for  fourteen  years  occupied  the  same  position  at  the  Warri- 
ner  House,  Springfield,  Mass.,  formerly  so  widely  and  favorably  known  to  the  travel- 
ing public.  It  is  free  from  the  rush  or  confusion  of  many  other  places ;  and  while  it 
maintains  the  celebrity  it  has  so  justly  won,  it  will  continue  to  be  resorted  to  by  those 
who  think  more  of  luxury  and  taste  than  of  noise  and  parade  —  of  perfect  cleanliness 
in  everything,  than  of  mere  show. 

This  Hotel  has  long  been  known  to  the  lovers  of  clean,  neat  and  airy  apartments, 
and  "  good  cheer,"  with  a  table  d?  hote  surpassed  by  no  other  —  and  prices  uniform  and 


152  METROPOLITAN    HOTEL. 

low.  The  names  of  those  guests  who  have  enjoyed  the  home-bred  hospitalities  of  the 
Metropolitan,  as  recorded  in  the  register  by  their  own  hands,  amount  to  many  thou- 
sands ;  of  this  great  number,  not  one  ever  went  away  dissatisfied,  unless  he  demanded 
what  personal  attention  and  ungrudging  generosity  could  not  give. 

This  House  has  all  the  charms  of  home,  for  it  has  all  its  comforts.  It  is  resorted  to 
by  the  Western  people  as  a  favorite  and  familiar  spot,  where  all  their  taste  for  neat- 
ness and  domestic  economy  is  gratified.  It  is  the  resort  of  traders  generally,  being 
central  and  convenient,  and  the  charges  moderate  for  one  of  the  best  Hotels  in  Chica- 
go. One  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  day  is  the  regular  charge  of  the  Metropolitan. 

Rooms  are  always  reserved  for  passengers  arriving  by  the  various  trains  during  the 
night.  The  management  of  the  Metropolitan  could  not  be  in  better  hands.  May 
B.  H.  Skinner  long  continue  to  be  its  worthy  Master. 


EAILKOADS  OF  THE  WEST. 


A  FEW  years  have  witnessed  a  mighty  revolution  in  the  Western  States  in  facili- 
ties of  communication,  increase  of  population,  wealth,  and  commerce,  chiefly 
through  the  agency  of  Railways.  Before  their  construction,  these  States  were  depen- 
dent upon  the  navigation  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  and  their  tributaries,  for  outlets 
to  the  markets  of  the  world.  From  four  to  six  months  in  the  year,  the  navigation  of 
these  rivers  was  always  interrupted,  and  often  rendered  impassible  by  low  water  or 
ice.  But  Railways  have  opened  to  the  vast  commerce  of  the  West  artificial  chan- 
nels of  communication  which  defy  the  inclemencies  of  the  seasons,  and  triumph 
over  the  obstructions  of  nature.  Railroads  are  talismanic  wands.  They  have  a 
charming  power.  They  do  wonders — they  work  miracles.  They  are  better  than  laws ; 
they  are  essentially,  politically  and  religiously — the  pioneer,  and  van-guard  of  civili- 
zation. They  announce  to  the  world  as  the  angel  announced  on  the  plains  of  Judea, 
"  On  earth  peace  and  good  will  toward  men."  Let  then  every  man,  village,  town, 
city,  county,  state  and  territory  in  the  land  co-operate  with  Congress  in  creating  these 
new  channels  of  internal  improvement,  and  uniting  their  efforts  to  sustain  them,  that 
"  swords  may  be  turned  into  plow  shares  and  spears  into  pruning  hooks,"  that  moun- 
tains and  valleys  may  be  leveled  and  crooked  places  made  straight,  that  produce  and 
persons,  as  well  as  thoughts  and  feelings,  may  enjoy  the  speediest  inter-communication 
between  the  heart  and  the  extremities  of  the  country,  that  the  internal  improvement 

20 


154  RAILROADS    OP   THE    WEST. 

of  the  land  may  keep  pace  with  the  internal  improvement  of  the  spirit  in  man.  The 
gigantic  system  of  public  works  that  has  been  constructed  during  the  last  few  years, 
by  the  Western  States,  has  no  parallel  in  history.  The  Corsican  soldier  never  opened 
such  avenues  of  communication  between  territories  of  such  vast  magnitude ;  nor,  in- 
deed, do  we  find  in  all  the  records  of  history  any  system  of  public  works  at  all  com- 
parable in  grandeur  of  conception,  or  results,  to  these  "Western  Railways,  except  when 
we  go  back  to  Home. 

The  boldness  of  the  projection,  the  vigor  of  prosecution,  the  startling  rapidity  with 
which  these  herculean  labors  have  been  preformed,  have  successively  amazed  and 
electrified  the  world.  Nothing  could  have  justified  so  daring  a  system  of  expenditure 
but  the  anticipated  results  upon  the  value  of  all  real  estate  in  this  mighty  valley. 

As  if  by  the  wand  of  enchantment,  the  dwellers  on  our  wide  extended  prairies  have 
in  a  day  seen  distance  annihilated,  so  that  the  farmer  of  these  "Western  States,  whose 
home  a  few  years  ago  was  in  the  wilderness,  now  feels  like  the  farmer  on  the  banks  of 
the  Hudson,  the  Ohio,  or  the  Mississippi. 

Here  are  concentrated  a  hardy  race  of  industrious  people,  by  whose  united  effort 
these  wonderful  resources  of  nature  are  being  developed,  thereby  adding  millions 
annually  to  our  national  wealth.  They  come  from  every  nation  and  every  clime ;  the 
hardy  sons  of  toil  from  New  England's  sterile  soil  —  the  newly  arrived  fugitives  from 
the  crumbling  despotisms  of  the  old  world — brave,  industrious  men  from  every  quarter 
of  the  globe.  Here  let  them  come  and  settle  upon  the  virgin  lands  in  the  vicinage  of 
these  Railways.  In  this  way  hundreds  of  thousands  will  become  independent  land 
owners  and  cultivators  of  the  soil ;  and  we  shall  witness  their  rapid  progress  on  the 
road  to  more  civilized  life,  which  gradually  brings  the  embellishments  of  refinement, 
and  builds  up  great  and  prosperous  communities,  with  free  schools  everywhere  distri- 
buted among  them,  and  books  and  newspapers  carried  to  every  door.  Snobs  from 
despotic  Europe  have  charged  us,  in  this  country,  with  lack  of  refinement,  which  is 
the  boast  of  European  courts  and  capitals.  "We  can  afford  to  put  up  with  all  this.  We 
can  point  to  a  million  of  happy  homes  in  the  free  West,  owned  by  fathers  and  families 
—  a  great  people  starved  out  of  Europe  —  escaped  from  the  house  of  bondage,  like 
God's  chosen  people  from  Egypt,  who  say,  "  Here  are  the  achievements  of  a  Repub- 
lic," (which  now,  since  the  "  Slaveholders'  Rebellion,"  will  become  a  hundred  fold 
stronger,  and  more  glorious  in  the  eyes  of  the  civilized  world.)  "  If  we  do  not  make 
courtiers  here,  we  make  men — something  which  despotism  never  did  —  at  best  it  only 
made  gilded  slaves." 


NORTH-WESTERN  RAILWAY- 


One  of  the  most  important  of  these  Railways,  which  centre  in  Chicago,  is  the 
CHICAGO  AND  NORTH-WESTERN  RAILWAY.  This  very  popular  Railway  is  now  in  com- 
plete order,  having  added  largely  to  its  equipments  and  motive  power,  as  well  as  a 
thorough  repair  of  its  entire  track,  which  renders  it  in  every  respect  a  first-class  road. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  roads  entering  into  Chicago,  and  when  it  shall 
have  completed  all  its  projected  connections,  especially  that  with  the  Lake  Superior 
mineral  region,  it  will  do  more  to  enrich  this  Capital  of  the  West  than  any  other  iron- 
belted  avenue  which  centres .  here.  Its  connections  with  so  many  different  roads, 
steamboat  and  stage  routes  in  the  North-West,  must  eventually  make  it  one  of  the 
most  remunerative  corporations  in  the  West. 

By  a  glance  at  the  map  on  the  last  page  of  this  volume,  our  readers  can  form  some 
idea  of  the  many  points  in  the  North  and  North-West  that  can  be  reached  by  this 
road. 

This  Road,  without  doubt,  is  one  of  the  most  important  to  the  interest  and  trade 
of  Chicago,  among  the  many  that  terminate  in  this  city.  Located,  and  running 
as  it  does,  through  the  very  garden  of  the  agricultural  country  of  the  North-West, 
its  many  railroad  connections  in  Wisconsin,  give  it  an  opportunity  to  compete  success- 
fully with  the  trade  of  Milwaukee,  the  capital  of  Wisconsin.  It  crosses  every  railroad 
in  the  State  tributary  to  Milwaukee,  and  at  every  crossing  arrangements  have  been 
made  to  transfer  cars  to  its  track ;  consequently  it  commands  a  large  share  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  North-West,  which,  without  this  road,  would,  be  obliged  to  seek  Milwau- 
kee as  its  only  market.  Having  a  direct  connection  with  Northern  Illinois,  Northern 
Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  etc.,  the  increase  of  business  as  the  country  fully  devel- 
ops itself,  must  be  immense. 

The  main  line  of  this  Road  extends  from  Chicago  to  Appleton,  Wis.,  a  distance  of 
two  hundred  and  thirteen  miles,  and  is  now  being  extended  from  Appleton  to  Green 
Bay,  a  distance  of  thirty  miles,  which  extension  will  be  completed  and  running  by  the 
middle  of  September,  1862,  making  the  total  distance  of  the  main  line  two  hundred 
and  forty-three  miles.  The  completion  to  Green  Bay  will  be  of  great  importance  both 
to  the  road  and  to  this  city,  as  it  will  open  a  trade  to  Chicago  that  heretofore  has  had 
no  outlet,  except  by  lake  to  Buffalo,  and  during  the  close  of  navigation  has  had  no 
outlet  whatever. 


156  PITTSBURGH,    FT.    WAYNE   &    CHICAGO. 

The  importance  of  the  Chicago  and  North-Western  Railway,  we  are  pleased  to 
learn,  is  fully  appreciated  by  our  business  men.  It  has  also  a  direct  connection  with 
the  Mississippi  River  from  Dnnleith,  Prairie  du  Chien  and  La  Crosse,  and  most  natu- 
rally commands  a  large  share  of  the  resources  of  Minnesota,  Iowa,  etc.,  both  in  pas- 
sengers and  freight,  from  its  northern  terminus.  It  now  receives  an  immense  trade 
from  the  great  lumbering  country  in  Northern  Wisconsin ;  and  before  long,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  design  of  its  projectors,  it  will  penetrate  into  the  great  mining  and  min- 
eral districts  of  Northern  Michigan.  Probably  no  road  in  the  North-West  has  such 
peculiar  advantages  in  its  location  as  this.  Almost  every  point  is  tributary  to  it,  and 
it  must  eventually  prove,  as  the  country  develops  itself,  one  of  the  best  paying  roads 
in  the  country.  The  capital  of  the  road  is  as  follows : 

Capital  Stock $2,955,236.17 

Preferred  1st  Mortgage  Bonds .- 1,250,000.00 

General     1st        do  do 3,600,000.00 

do        2nd      do  do    2,000,000.00 

The  following  are  the  officers  of  the  Road : 

WM.  B.  OGDEN,  President ;  P.  H.  SMITH,  Vice  President ;  GEO.  L.  DUNLAP,  Gen- 
eral Superintendent ;  E.  DsWiTT  ROBINSON,  General  Passenger  Agent ;  GEO.  P.  LEE, 
Treasurer ;  CHAS.  S.  TAPPIN,  General  Freight  Agent. 

Company's  Office,  corner  of  Lake  and  Clark  Streets. 


PITTSBURGH,  FOET  WAYNE  AND  CHICAGO, 


great  Railroad,  which  is  doing  so  much  to  develop  the  commercial  position 
JL  of  Chicago,  was  completed  to  this  city  in  1858.  It  is  over  four  hundred  and 
sixty  miles  in  length,  extending  from  Chicago  to  Pittsburgh,  completing,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  the  great  Western  line  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Chicago.  The  fact  of  its  being  the  shortest  route  to  the  sea-board,  one  of 
the  safest,  best  conducted  and  most  pleasant,  the  fare  as  low  as  by  any  other  route ; 
and  in  connection  with  the  Pennsylvania  Central,  extending  from  the  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan  to  the  placid  waters  of  the  Delaware,  a  distance  of  eight  hundred  and  four- 
teen miles,  passing  through  four  different  States,  embracing  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
landscape  scenery,  which  may  be  termed  the  Switzerland  of  America,  with  all  the  sub- 
limity of  Alpine  grandeur,  to  the  more  quiet  charms  of  lovely  and  romantic  valleys, 


PITTSBURGH,    FT.  WAYNE   <fc   CHICAGO.  157 

and  the  wide-spread  prairies,  at  once  renders  it  one  of  the  most  popular  and  interesting 
routes  in  this  country. 

The  herculean  labors  performed  by  these  two  companies,  the  boldness  of  the  projec- 
tion and  the  final  result,  electrifies  the  men  of  the  other  hemisphere,  who  dare  not 
grapple  with  such  undertakings.  And  yet  these  two  roads,  so  substantially  construct- 
ed, so  thoroughly  equipped,  so  well  officered  bjr  men  possessing  the  best  railroad  talent 
of  the  age,  and  now  becoming  so  "profitably  managed,  are  but  the  opening  of  a  great 
Appian  way,  now  linking  the  great  chain  of  lakes  with  the  tide  waters  of  the  Dela- 
ware, and  destined  at  some  future  day  to  connect  with  that  other,  road  of  iron,  to  be 
built  by  a  great  and  free  people,  which  will  link  the  two  earth-encircled  oceans  by 
iron,  electricity  and  steam.  Who  can  foresee  the  future  of  these  two  roads,  as  they 
directly  contribute  to  the  commercial  supremacy  —  the  unprecedented  growth  and 
prosperity  of  this  Metropolis  ?  The  citizens  of  Chicago  ought  always  to  award  a  gen- 
erous support  to  the  Pittsburgh  and  Fort  Wayne  Road ;  it  is  their  true  interest  so  to 
do,  for  it  is  one  of  the  great  arteries  that  nourish  the  vitals  of  our  commercial  greatness. 

This  Road  has  caused  a  mighty  revolution  in  the  sections  of  country  through  which 
it  passes,  in  facilities  of  communication,  increase  of  population,  wealth  and  commerce. 
It  has  opened  a  channel  of  communication  which  defies  the  inclemencies  of  seasons. 
Every  acre  of  land  in  the  region  through  which  it  passes  has  more  than  quadrupled  in 
value,  and  wealth  is  rushing  in  to  enrich  their  owners.  It  connects  at  Crestline  with 
the  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Road ;  at  Lima,  with  the  Dayton  and  Mich- 
igan ;  at  Fort  Wayne,  with  the  Toledo,  Wabash  and  Western ;  at  Mansfield,  with  the 
Saudusky  and  Newark ;  at  Alliance,  with  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh ;  at  Roches- 
ter, with  the  Steubenville  and  Indiana.  At  Fort  Wayne,  the  company  have  recently 
erected  a  first-class  Dining  Station,  that  oasis  so  grateful  to  the  sight  of  the  hungry 
traveler ;  its  table  is  all  that  the  most  fastidious  epicurean  could  desire.  Improve- 
ments of  a  similar  kind  are  continually  being  multiplied,  which  will  add  to  the  comfort 
and  convenience  of  the  traveler.  At  Chicago,  there  is  in  process  of  erection  a  mag- 
nificent structure,  to  be  known  as  the  "Union  Depot."  It  is  worthy  the  spirited  and 
popular  companies  who,  conjointly  with  the  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago 
projected  it. 

Two  through  trains  daily  leave  each  terminus  of  this  road.  The  speed  is  the  high- 
est attainable  with  safety ;  the  cars  are  spacious  and  well  ventilated,  constructed  with 
all  the  modern  improvements,  including  the  Sleeping  Cars,  which  are  the  finest  on 
any  western  road. 

The  principal  officers,  under  whose  immediate  supervision  it  is  managed,  are  men 
of  accredited  Railroad  ability  and  give  universal  satisfaction.  Mr.  William  P.  Shinn 
is  the  General  Passenger  Agent  at  Pittsburgh. 


PENNSYLVANIA  CENTRAL  RAILROAD, 


ONE  of  the  great  facts  of  the  age,  which  has  been  fully  demonstrated  by  this  un- 
holy Rebellion,  is  the  advantages  and  value  of  Eailroads  to  the  Government  in 
the  hour  of  its  peril. 

No  Railroad,  perhaps,  in  this  country,  has  contributed  so  much  strength  and  assist- 
ance to  the  Government,  as  the  Pennsylvania  Central  — one  of  the  best  constructed, 
best  equipped,  and  best  officered  roads  on  this  continent ;  managed  by  men  possessing 
superior  railroad  ability — the  highest  integrity ;  forming  the  great  Appian  iron -belted 
way  across  the  mountains,  from  the  tide-waters  of  the  Delaware  to  the  Valley  of  the 
Great  "West.  It  has  accomplished  more  in  the  protection  of  our  Capitol  from  the 
threatened  assaults  of  the  Rebel  Crusader,  whose  hosts  had  encamped  on  the  banks 
of  the  Potomac,  with  the  lighted  torch  in  one  hand  and  the  sword  of  the  destroyer  in 
the  other,  than  any  road  in  this  country. 

It  has  been  so  well  and  ably  managed,  not  only  in  a  financial  point  of  view,  but 
always  consulting  the  best  interest  of  the  public,  whose  servant  it  has  ever  been ;  that 
it  has  become  a  popular,  wealthy  and  powerful  corporation  —  reaching  out  its  giant 
arms  on  every  side,  extending  its  influence  and  aid  through  new  channels,  to  intersect 
with  other  roads,  thereby  enriching  the  great  national  domain,  by  extending  the 
boundaries  of  civilization,  and  aiding  the^  material  greatness  of  the  age. 

The  present  managers  of  this  road  have  accomplished  three  very  important  things : 
first,  they  have  reduced  the  expenses  ;  second,  they  have  increased  receipts ;  third, 
they  have  multiplied  the  accommodations  for  the  public  —  and  it  may  safely  be  laid 
down  as  a  rule,  that  no  railroad  in  the  world  can  fail  of  success  when  it  contains  these 
three  great  elements  of  power.  This  road  is  earning  more  money,  affording  greater 
accommodations,  and  carrying  passengers  literally  by  the  million,  with  less  loss 
of  life  and  limb,  than  any  other  road  of  the  same  extent  and  amount  of  business. 
"We  only  wish  that  this  example  could  be  imitated  by  the  other  Railroads  of  the 
United  States,  into  which  so  many  millions  of  money  have  been  thrown  by  confiding 
stockholders ;  for  then  we  might  show  a  clearer  record  of  our  railroad  operations  that 
we  boast  so  much  of  in  this  country. 

As  the  great  highway  for  travel,  from  every  section  of  the  great  Mississippi  Valley 
South-West,  and  more  especially  from  the  North-West,  which  is  so  rapidly  becoming 
the  seat  of  a  dense  population,  and  centralization  of  inland  commerce  and  trade ;  its 


THE    IMPEEIAL    CITY.  159 

advantages,  in  connection  with  the  Pittsburgh,  Ft.  Wayne  &  Chicago  Koad,  can 
hardly  be  estimated,  in  developing  our  commercial  greatness. 

As  a  through  route  for  travel  or  freight  from  this  point,  there  is  none,  perhaps,  that 
offer  greater  or  more  combined  advantages,  than  the  Pittsburgh,  Ft.  "Wayne  &  Chi- 
cago, in  conjunction  with  the  Pennsylvania  Central.  Baggage  can  be  checked  through 
to  Philadelphia  or  New  York ;  the  cars  are  commodious,  and  the  sleeping-cars  contain 
all  the  modern  improvements  —  the  fare  always  as  low  as  by  any  other  route.  The 
principal  officers  may  always  be  found  at  their  post  of  duty,  guarding  the  interests 
of  the  road  with  untiring  vigilance. 

The  Pennsylvania  Central  runs  three  through  daily  passenger  trains  between  Pitts- 
burgh and  Philadelphia,  connecting  direct,  in  the  Union  Depot  at  Pittsburgh,  with 
through  trains  from  all  Western  cities,  for  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston,  Balti- 
more, and  Washington  City ;  thus  furnishing  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  pas- 
sengers, perhaps,  unsurpassed,  for  speed  and  comfort,  by  any  other  route.  Freights 
of  all  descriptions  can  be  forwarded  from  Philadelphia,  Boston,  New  York  or  Balti- 
more, to  any  point  on  the  railroads  of  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin, 
Iowa  or  Missouri,  by  Railroad  direct.  It  also  connects  at  Pittsburgh  with  boats  which 
float  upon  all  the  navigable  waters  of  the  West.  The  efficient  and  active  officers  of 
this  road  are,  H.  H.  HOUSTON,  General  Freight  Agent  at  Philadelphia ;  L.  L.  HOUPT, 
General  Ticket  Agent ;  THOS.  A.  SCOTT,  General  Superintendent,  Altoona,  Pa.,  and 
W.  H.  HOLMES,  General  Western  Agent,  Indianapolis. 


THE  IMPERIAL  CITY. 


"ATEAV  YORK  has  fully  vindicated  her  claim  to  the  title  of  the  Empire  State ;  for 
J.M  she  has  concentrated  or  developed  on  her  soil  the  highest  elements  of  supremacy. 
Standing  as  her  chief  city  does,  on  the  verge  of  an  European  ocean,  with  the  gigantic 
arms  of  the  sea  thrown  around  her,  and  washed  on  the  west  by  the  lordly  Hudson, 
which  came  down  from  her  distant  hills,  she  still  cast  a  glance  of  exploration  towards 
the  chain  of  great  inland  lakes,  and  determined  to  bring  the  tribute  of  their  waters  to 
her  feet.  It  was  a  startling  conception  ;  but  under  the  guidance  of  Clinton  this  work 
was  done.  It  was  the  boldest  and  the  best  work  that  had  been  achieved  by  mankind 
since  the  days  of  the  Caesars. 

The  Erie  Canal  had,  however,  been  opened  but  a  few  years  before  the  indomita- 
ble genius  of  New  York  enterprise  began  to  think  of  opening  an  iron  road  direct  to 


160  THE    IMPERIAL    CITY. 

the  shores  of  lake  Erie,  a  distance  of  four  hundred  and  seventy  miles,  bringing  the 
chief  sea  ports  of  the  Atlantic  within  forty-two  hours  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  But 
the  immediate  execution  of  this  more  than  imperial  work  was  beyond  even  New  York 
daring.  It  was  arrested  by  the  terrible  revulsion  of  1837,  which  struck  down  the 
nation.  In  1841,  less  than  fifty  miles  had  been  built.  But  the  recovered  energies  of 
the  Metropolis  were  once  more  directed  to  the  work,  and  from  that  period  it  went  on. 
Through  forests  and  mountains,  across  rivers  and  gorges,  this  Roman  Eoad  forced  its 
irresistible  way  till  at  last,  in  the  summer  of  1851,  the  inspiring  announcement  was 
made  that  a  train  of  cars,  bearing  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  his  Cab- 
inet, would  leave  the  Metropolis  for  the  great  lakes  of  the  West.  Once  more  the 
firing  of  cannon  proclaimed  the  opening  of  a  new  avenue  through  the  Empire  State, 
and  within  an  hour  from  the  first  note  on  the  Hudson,  the  reverberations  had  penetrated 
every  valley  and  crossed  every  mountain  and  river,  and  gone  rolling  along  the  blue 
waters  of  lake  Erie.  This  immense  road,  after  many  financial  embarrassments,  is  now 
in  full  and  successful  operation. 

The  management  of  this  Railway  with  the  expenditure  of  upwards  of  twenty  mil- 
lion dollars,  has  called  into  requisition  talent  enough  to  have  administered  a  govern- 
ment, and  genius  enough  to  have  conducted  a  great  campaign. 

Its  present  management,  under  the  new  corporation,  which  change  occurred  at  the 
commencement  of  the  present  year,  are  cheerful  indications  of  a  highly  prosperous  fu- 
ture. No  better  or  more  competent  set  of  officers  ever  presided  over  the  interests  of  any 
Railway  company.  Mr.  Charles  Minot,  who  occupies  a  very  responsible  post — that 
of  Superintendent — is  equal  to  its  duties,  and  by  his  assiduous  habits  of  industry,  clear 
head,  and  indomitable  will,  has  earned  a  proud  station  among  prominent  business 
men  for  his  Railroad  management.  Mr.  E.  S.  Spencer,  the  Western  Agent,  at 
ChicagQ,  is  every  way  fitted  for  this  important  post  of  duty,  socially,  not  less  than  in 
a  business  point  of  view.  The  interests  of  the  Erie  Railway,  in  Chicago,  have  fallen 
into  the  keeping  of  a  representative  man. 

Arrangements  have  recently  been  made  by  this  company,  which  will  enable  persons 
desiring  to  go  to  Europe,  to  procure  through  tickets  at  the  lowest  rates  of  fare,  at  their 
office  64  Clark  Street,  for  all  the  principal  European  cities,  thereby  avoiding  delay  in 
New  York  and  the  risk  of  being  swindled  by  ticket  agents.  The  time  by  this  road  is 
as  quick  and  the  fare  as  low  as  by  any  other  route.  This  broad  gauge  road  affords 
ample  room  for  wide  night  berths,  in  cars  with  all  modern  improvements,  in  which 
the  weary  traveler  can  enjoy  a  night's  rest  without  interruption. 


ST,  LOUIS,  ALTON  AND  CHICAGO  RAILKOAD. 


Road  runs  from  Chicago  to  St.  Louis,  making  a  distance  of  two  hundred  and 
JL  eighty-one  miles,  of  which  thirty-six  miles  of  the  Juliet  and  Chicago  Railroad,  and 
twenty-four  miles  of  the  Terre  Haute  and  Alton  Railroad  are  leased  and  employed. 
In  December,  1859,  owing  to  embarrasments,  the  road  passed  into  the  hands  of  James 
Robb,  Esq.,  as  Receiver,  and  has  since  been  under  his  exclusive  management.  Its 
outstanding  liabilities  are  as  follows  : 

1st  Mortgage  Bonds $2,000,000. 

2nd      do          do     1,535,000. 

3rd       do          do     1,000,000. 

Receives  Liens  about 600,000. 

$6,135,000. 
Its  receipts  for  1860  and  1861  were  as  follows  : 

1860..« $   938,641. 

1861 1,098,464 

A  charter  has  been  obtained  from  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Illinois  for  a  new 
organization,  to  be  styled  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  Company.  The  line  of  this 
road  is  the  most  direct  between  the  cities  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  and  twenty-four 
miles  shorter  than  any  other  existing  route,  it  penetrates  a  region  of  country  of  great 
advantages  and  fertility,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  Railroads  in  Illinois. 


GALENA  AND  CHICAGO  UNION- 


THIS  is  the  parent  of  the  railroad  system  of  Illinois.     The  first  forty  miles  of  the 
road  was  opened  in  1849,  and  completed  to  Freeport,  its  terminus,  in  1853      Here 
it  merges  into  the  Illinois  Central.     From  1849  until  1856  its  prosperity  had  scarcely 
a  parallel,  and  since  the  latter  date  its  business  had  been  encouraging,  considering  the 
circumstances  governing  nearly  all  railroads  in  the  "Western  States.     From  the  first 

21 


162  CINCINNATI    &    CHICAGO    AIR-LINE    RAILROAD. 

opening  the  company  have  earned  and  paid  an  average  dividend  of  twelve  and  one 
half  per  cent,  per  annum  upon  the  capital.  It  has  numerous  important  connections, 
and  as  a  general  thing  it  does  a  profitable  business.  The  stocks  of  the  company  are 
regarded  as  among  the  best  of  our  western  roads.  The  season  of  its  largest  traffic  is 
yet  to  come,  when  it  will  again  pay  a  dividend  approximating  its  more  prosperous 
days.  Its  present  officers  are  WALTER  L.  NEWBERY,  President;  WH.  H.  BROWN, 
Vice  President ;  EDWARD  B.  TALCOTT,  Superintendent ;  WM.  LARRABIE,  Secretary ; 
GEO.  M.  WHEELER,  Geneal  Ticket  Agent.  Trains  leave  on  this  road  from  North 
Wells  Street,  corner  of  North  Water  Street.  Freight  Depot,  South  Canal,  below 
West  Twelfth,  and  North  Dearborn,  corner  of  Water. 


CINCINNATI  &  CHICAGO  AIR-LINE  RAILROAD, 


last  constructed  iron-belted  way  —  this  new  candidate  for  public  patronage  — 
_L  this  new  right-arm  of  power  to  accelerate  commercial  prosperity,  by  linking  in 
an  indissoluble  band  the  two  most  prosperous  and  powerful  inland  commercial  cities 
on  this  continent,  was  finally  consummated  in  May,  1861,  at  which  time  this  great 
event  was  fully  announced  by  deputations  of  hundreds  strong,  from  either  city,  inter- 
changing visits  and  congratulations,  making  and  comparing  notes  of  the  advantages 
and  facilities  most  to  be  derived  from  this  new  acquisition  of  power.  The  result  has 
been,  from  the  first  opening  of  the  Cincinnati  &  Chicago  Air-Line  Road  to  the  pres- 
ent time  of  writing,  just  a  year  ago,  that  the  capacity  of  this  road  has  been  taxed  to 
the  utmost  power  of  its  rolling  stock,  to  enable  them  to  forward  the  immense  amount 
of  freight.  In  anticipation  of  the  increase  of  business,  the  Company  have  added 
largely  to  their  rolling  stock,  freight  and  passenger  cars  ;  the  latter  possessing  all  the 
modern  improvements  —  the  night  cars  with  commodious  sleeping  accommodations, 
not  surpassed  by  any  other  road. 

This  road  secures  another  link  in  our  great  railway  connections,  of  vast  importance 
upon  the  commercial  future  of  Chicago.  It  opens  up  a  great  trade  between  our  Lake 
coast  —  the  rich  prairies  of  the  North-west  —  and  the  waters  of  the  Ohio;  it  forms 
another  bond  of  alliance  to  Chicago,  the  great  heart  of  the  North-West.  The  busi- 
ness from  this  city,  already  very  large,  is  daily  increasing.  The  financial  position  of 
this  road  is  most  gratifying  ;  not  a  dollar's  worth  of  stock  is  hawked  upon  the  market; 
the  price  rules  so  high  that  men  who  are  the  fortunate  possessors  are  quite  willing  to 
hold  it  as  a  good  investment. 

The  entire  length  of  road  is  280  miles.     The  distance  by  this  route  is  42  miles 


DISTILLING   AND   KECTIFTING.  163 

less  than  any  other  between  Chicago  and  Cincinnati,  and  33  miles  shorter  between 
Chicago  and  Louisville.  Two  express  trains  leave  daily,  through  to  Cincinnati  and 
Indianapolis  without  change  of  cars.  Through  freight  cars  leave  daily,  without 
breaking  bulk.  Connections  at  Cincinnati,  for  Haraden,  Marietta,  Parkersburg,  and 
points  on  the  Ohio  River.  Running  time  over  this  road,  only  11  hours. 

Officers,  "W.  D.  JTJDSON,  President,  New  York  city ;  J.  BKANDT,  JK.,  Superintendent, 
Richmond,  Ind ;  Chas.  E.  FOLLETT,  General  Ticket  Agent,  Cincinnati ;  S.  W  CHAP- 
MAN, General  Freight  Agent,  Cincinnati ;  N.  A.  MOORE,  General  Agent,  Chicago. 


DISTILLING  AND  RECTIFYING, 


"TvISTILLATION  is  the  separation  of  two  bodies  which  may  be  mixed  or  combined, 
_L/  by  converting  the  more  volatile  one  into  vapor,  with  the  aid  of  heat,  and  condens- 
ing this  product.  On  heating  sea  water,  the  vapor  which  passes  off  leaves  behind  the 
impurities  mechanically  mixed,  and  the  salts  that  were  held  in  chemical  solution  ;  the 
steam  condenses  upon  cold  surfaces  andrforms  drops  of  pure  distilled  water.  Such  is 
the  rain,  and  such  are  the  dew  drops,  which  in  nature's-laboratory  are  distilled  from  all 
fluid  surfaces  exposed  to  evaporation,  even  the  most  impure.  By  this  process  a  more 
volatile  liquid.inay  be  separated  from  others  less  so,  as  ether,  alcohol,  or  ammonia,  etc., 
from  the  water  with  which  they  may  be  mixed.  The  preparation  of  a  highly  intoxi- 
cating liquor,  by  separating  the  more  volatile  portion  of  the  fermented  juices  of  sweet 
fruits  and  infusions  of  grain,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  understood  by  the  ancients. 
There  are  but  few  nations  at  the  present  time  who  are  not  in  the  habit  of  preparing 
some  form  of  intoxicating  liquors  by  distillation. 

Great  improvements  have  been  introduced  into  the  modern  stills.  Continued  scien- 
tific investigation  has  resulted  in  producing  an  apparatus  for  the  production  of  fine 
spirits  and  whisky,  superior  to  anything  hitherto  made.  Mr.  A.  F.  CBOSKEY,  one  of 
the  most  enterprising  Distillers,  has,  after  long  experience  and  great  expense,  succeed- 
ed in  constructing  a  still  which  is  the  most  efficient  in  its  results  of  any  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  too  complicated  for  any  intelligent  description  to.  be  given  of  it  without 
drawings.  It  collects  the  condensed  fluid  of  all  degrees  of  strength,  and  of  the  utmost 
purity.  By  this  new  apparatus  he  is  producing  a  superior  quality  of  Alcohol  Cologne 
Spirits,  for  the  use  of  Druggists,  Perfumers  and  wholesale  Liquor  Dealers.  It  is 
the  highest  proof  ever  produced  in  this  country,  and  not  excelled,  perhaps,  by  any 


164  DISTILLING   AND   RECTIFYING. 

manufacture  in  the  world.  It  more  than  accomplishes  the  highest  expectations  of  its 
enterprising  owner,  to  whom  it  will  give  the  control  of  this  market,  for  fine  Cologne 
and  high  proof  Spirits. 

The  consumption  of  Spirituous  Liquors,  both  as  a  luxury  and  in  the  arts,  is  so  vast 
that  their  manufacture  necessarily  involves  considerations  of  great  commercial  import- 
ance. This  is  comparatively  a  new  branch  of  business  in  Chicago ;  the  demand  for 
Alcohol  and  Spirits  having  been,  until  within  the  last  few  years,  supplied  from  Cincin- 
nati, St.  Louis  and  Buffalo.  The  home  demand  has  become  so  great  as  to  induce  men 
of  capital  to  invest  large  amounts  in  perfecting  machinery  with  all  the  modern  im- 
provements, for  producing  not  only  a  superior  quality,  but  an  abundant  supply;  having 
all  the  raw  materials  ready  at  hand,  in  greater  abundance  and  at  less  cost  than  any 
other  point  or  great  commercial  centre  in  the  great  valley  of  the  "West.  Therefore  this 
city  is  becoming  the  centre  of  manufacture  for  Whisky  and  High  Wines.  In  1.862, 
there  we're  distilled  in  this  city  and  vicinity,  about  one  hundred  thousand  gallons  of 
Proof  Whisky,  consuming,  if  we  allow  one  bushel  of  corn  to  every  three  gallons  of 
spirits,  33,000  bushels  of  corn.  There  are  but  eight  concerns  engaged  in  distilling 
Whisky  from  rye,  corn,  etc. 

The  leading  business  connected  with  the  manufacture  of  Spiritiious  Liquors  in  Chi- 
cago is  Rectifying  Whisky.  There  are  at  least  eight  or  ten  firms  engaged  in  this 
pursuit.  The  leading  and  most  extensive  one  is  that  of  A.  S.  Croskey.  This  house, 
which  was  formerly  W.  S.  Shufeldt  &  Co.,  was  among  the  first  to  open  this  business 
in  this  city,  having  commenced  here  in  1856.  Mr.  Croskey  has  a  large  capital  employed 
in  this  business,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  hisf  well-known  Fine  Rye  and  Monongahela 
Whiskies,  which  is  said  to  be  ecjual  in  flavor  and  quality  to  the  celebrated  Whiskies  of 
Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  and  which,  on  account  of  its  purity  and  freedom  from  any 
disagreeable  smell,  is  preferred  and  much  used  by  perfumers  and  druggists.  Mr. 
Croskey,  controlling  a  large  capital,  can  keep  his  liquors  in  store  until  time  imparts 
that  flavor  which  it  is  said  age  alone  can  give.  In  addition  to  'articles  manufactured 
by  this  hoiTse,  their  stock  consists  in  Campheiie,  Burning  Fluid,  Scotch  Whiskies, 
Cherry  Brandy,  also  the  finest  Imported  Liquors,  Wines  and  Segars ;  the  imported 
articles  always  kept  in  the  United  States  Bonded  Warehouse  in  this  city,  which  he 
offers  to  the  trade  at  the  lowest  rates  and  most  favorable  terms. 

'  Alcohol,  it  is  generally  known,  is  distilled  from  Whisky  —  nine  gallons  of  the  latter 
making  five  gallons  of  the  former.  Alcohol  for  Burning  Fluid  is  ninety-five  per  cent., 
while  Druggists'  Alcohol  is  but  eighty-four  per  cent.,  being  reduced  to  that  standard 
after  distillation.  Burning  Fluid,  which  this  firm  deals  in  quite  extensively,  is  made 
by  the  admixture  of  one  gallon  of  Pine  Oil  to  four  gallons  of  Alcohol. 


DENTAL  SUBaERY, 


includes  the  surgical  treatment  of  the  teeth  — their  extraction,  the  remedying 
-L  of  their  serious  defects,  and  the  mechanical  operation  of  making  and  fitting  arti- 
ficial teeth  to  supply  the  place  of  those  lost.  Although  it  is  less  than  a  century  since 
this  art  has  taken  the  rank  of  a  distinct  profession,  attention  was  directed  from  the 
earliest  periods  to  the  means  of  preserving  and  improving  the  beauty  of  the  teeth. 
The  ancient  Hebrew  writers  evidently  appreciated  their  importance  in  giving  expres- 
sion to  the  countenance,  as  when  Jacob  blessing  Judah  says,  "  His  teeth  shall  he 
white  with  milk,"  and  Solomon  compared  a  fine  set  of  teeth  to  a  flock  of  sheep  even 
shorn.  In  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  art  of  Dentistry  appears  to  have  been  practised 
in  Egypt,  as  a  distinct  branch  of  surgery.  Little,  however,  is  known  of  the  attain- 
ments of  these  early  practitioners.  In  the  ancient  tombs  of  these  people,  artificial" 
teeth  of  ivory  or  wood  were  found  by  Belzoni  and  others,  some  of  which  were  fastened 
upon  gold  plates.  It  is  also  stated  that  the  teeth  of  the  mummies  have  been  found 
filled  with  gold.  Thus  it  would  seem  that  the  Egyptians  understood  processes  of  the 
art  which  are  commonly  regarded  as  only  inventions  of  the  refined  nations  of  modern 
times.  In  the  year  1836,  the  eminently  practical  work,  "  Principles  of  Dental  Surge- 
ry," of  Leonard  Koecker,  M.  D.,  who  tad  practised  dentistry  from  1807  to  1822,  in 
Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  appeared  in  London,  and  fully  established  the  claims  of 
the  art  to  take  rank  as  a  distinct  branch  of  science.  It  appears  that  in  1776,  Du.ch.a- 
teau,  a  chemist  of  St.  Germain  en  Laye,  succeeded  with  the  %id  of  Dubois,  a  Dentist 
of  note  in  Paris,  in  producing  artificial  teeth.  They  imitated  the  color  of  the  natural 
teeth  and  gums  by  the  use  of  mineral  oxides,  and  obtained  royal  letters  patent  from 
Louis  XIV  for  the  invention.  The  practice  of  Dentistry  was  introduced  into  the 
United  States  by  Le  Mair,  of  the  French  force  which  joined  our  army  during  the 
revolutionary  war.  About  1788,  Mr.  John  Greenwood  established  himself  in  New 
York,  the  first  American  of  this  profession.  In  1795,  he  carved  in  ivory  an  entire  set 
of  teeth  for  Gen.  Washington. 

The  process  of  Dentistry  as  a  science  has  been  necessarily  consequent  upon  that  of 
anatomy. 

The  Dental  science  involves  an  acquaintance  with  the  anatomical  relations  of  the 
organs  of  the  mouth  with  all  parts  of  the  system. 


166  DENTAL   SUEGEEY. 

In  all  these  processes  various  kinds  of  professional  talent  and  mechanical  skill  are 
called  into  requisition,  and  the  operator,  in  order  to  give  the  natural  expression  of  the 
mouth,  imitating  the  true"!  colors';  and  proportions  of  the  teeth  and  gums,  must  even 
possess  a  certain  degree  of  that  genius  and  taste  which  guide  the  pencil  of  the  artist, 
or  the  chisel  of  the  sculptor. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  present  century  those  who  were  unfortunate  with  their 
teeth,  either  by  injuring  them  through  some  severe  accident,  or  by  the  improper  use 
of  pernicious  medicines,  or  who  were  deformed  by  having  them  grow  improperly  in 
their  places,  suffered  through  long  years  of  misery,  totally  unconscious  that  science 
would  ever,  to  any  practical  extent,  relieve  the  defects.  Now,  however,  things  have 
changed,  deformed  grouping  of  teeth  is  corrected  into  charming  regularity,  decaying 
teeth  are  arrested  in  their  progress  to  ruin,  and  by  the  use  of  incorruptible  gold, 
restored  to  almost  pristine  soundness ;  as  those  entirely  gone  are  replaced  by  such 
wonderful  imitations  of  nature  that  the  most  critical  eye  is  deceived,  and  the  wearer 
scarcely  conscious  of  his  premature  loss.  And  by  these  improvements  how  much  has 
been  added  to  the  sum  total  of  human  happiness  of  mankind  —  how  much  suffering 
has  been  alleviated,  how  many  sensitive  minds  have  been  relieved  from  the  agony  of 
a  disagreeable,  and  perhaps,  a  repulsive  appearance  —  but,  aside  from  physical  com- 
fort, so  long  as  beauty  calls  forth  a  response  from  the  human  heart,  so  long  will  the 
pearly  row  of  teeth  form  a  battery  from  which  are  flashed  the  sharpest  arrows  of 
Cupid's  bow.  The  forehead  may  lack  a  marble  whiteness,  the  cheek  may  be  even 
sallow,  and  the  eye  dull,  but  let  the  parting  lips  display  a  set  of  pearly  teeth,  and  cold 
indifference  at  once  turns  to  admiration,  and  warms  into  love  —  but  the  ruddy  cheek 
glowing  with  health,  the  wavy  ringlet,  or  the  eye  soft  with  sensibility  and  flashing 
with  intellect,  when  associated  with  decayed  and  neglected  teeth,  only  serve  to  render 
the  unfortunate  possessor  more  positively  repulsive  than  if  cast  in  a  plainer  mould. 

In  Chicago  there  are  some  twenty-five  Dentists.  Among  the  number  there  are  a 
few  men  of  science  and  skill  in  the  dental  art ;  men  who  are  thoroughly  educated  in 
the  science,  who  have  made  it  a  life  study,  and  acquired  a  reputation  for  eminence  by 
their  high  artistic  skillfand  long  practice.  Among  those  who  have  in  a  remarka- 
ble degree  secured  high  consideration  as  practical  Dentists,  is  Dr.  LORENZO  BUSH, 
whose  office  is  at  136  Clark  Street.  Dr.  Bush  has  had  many  years  practical  experience 
in  the  most  complete  as  well  as  simple  operations  of  his  profession.  He  is  now  pre- 
pared in  every  department  to  bring  a  more  than  usual  degree  of  skill  to  the  relief  of 
his  patients. 

Dr.  Bush  adds  to  the  most  intense  study  of  his  profession,  a  genius  which  appre- 
ciates the  highest  triumphs  of  art.  '  It  is  to  him  a  source  of  refined  pleasure,  to  restore 
to  almost  primeval  beauty  the  decay  of  nature  and  the  ravages  of  disease.  With  a 
mind  highly  cultivated  in  matters  of  taste,  and  a  mechanical  skill  that  has  become  al- 
most creative  power,  he  adds  to  the  charms  of  youth  and  contributes  to  'the  comforts 


WHIPS. 


167 


of  age  —  and  knowing  what  is  necessary  to  make  every  department  of  his  profession 
as  perfect  as  possible,  he  has  surrounded  himself  with  every  appliance  of  utility  and 
luxury  demanded  in  an  enlightened  age. 


WHIPS. 


rpHE  manufacture  of  Whips  is  a  business  entirely  distinct  from 
J.  that  of  saddles  and  harness ;  but  the  relations  existing  between 
them  are  so  intimate  that  they  may  properly  be  considered  in  the 
same  list  of  manufactures.  In  this  city,  however,  the  Whip  manu- 
facturing is  principally  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  G.  W.  KING,  who  has 
devoted  his  life  to  this  branch  of  productive  industry,  and  is  there- 
fore complete  master  of  it  in  all  its  details.  The  Factory  of  Mr. 
King  is  located  on  Randolph  Street,  under  the  Metropolitan  Hotel. 
Here  are  mannfactured  all  kinds  of  Whips,  from  those  that  sell 
for  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  per  dozen  to  those  which  sell  at  fifty  dollars  per 
dozen.  The  materials  used  for  the  stock  are  Whalebone,  Rattan,  Fancy  Woods, 
Leather,  Gut,  Gum,  Pitch  and  Glue ;  for  the  lashes,  Leather,  Gut  and  Thread ;  for 
the  handles,  Wood,  Ivory  and  Bone ;  and  for  the  mountings,  Gold,  Silver,  Ivory  and 
Pearl.  Machines  are  used  for  plaiting  or  weaving  the  gut  covering.  The  machine  is 
a  circular  frame,  around  which  is  a  series  of  bevel  cogs,  driven  by  a  crank-handle  in 
the  hands  of  the  operator.  The  Whip  stands  in  the  centre,  and  receives  its  gut  from 
numerous  spools  which  surround  it;  the  machine  at  the  same  time  plaiting  the  gut 
over  the  stock.  They  are  of  different  capacities,  one  plaiting  sixteen  threads,  and  the 
other  twenty-four. 

The  great  difference  in  the  cost  of  Whips  —  some  selling  as  high  as  fifty  dollars  per 
dozen,  and  even  more  than  that  —  is  mainly  in  the  character  of  the  mountings.  Mr. 
King  uses  in  all  his  Whips  the  very  best  material ;  and  the  reputation  of  his  manufac- 
tures is  unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  United  States.  He  .furnishes  the  trade  to  a  large 
extent,  both  in  Chicago  and  through  the  North- West.  He  is  able  to  produce  a  better 
article  for  less  money  than  many  of  the  Whips  brought  to  this  market  from  the  East. 
His  business  has  gradually  increased  from  small  beginnings  to  quite  an  extensive 
trade. 

The  Whip  manufacture  has  suffered  severely  from  the  enormous  expansion  of  ladies' 
skirts,  and  the  consequent  demand  for  whalebone  hoops.  Again  the  fashion  has 


168  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENT  AVAREHOUSE. 

changed  in  skirts,  and  this  time  it  favors  the  whip-maker,  as  the  ladies  found  whale- 
bone to  be  an  imperious  master,  not  yielding  readily  -to  their  wishes. 

The  great  demand  for  whalebone  for  ladies'  skirts  caused  an  advance  four  to  five 
hundred  per  cent.  Now,  since  the  price  has  receded  to  its  old  standard,  Whips  are 
sold  at  less  prices  by  Mr.  King  than  at  any  previous  period. 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENT  WAREHOUSE, 


THAT  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  may  be  carried  on  to  the  best  advantage,  it  is  neces- 
sary that  the  farmer  be  provided  with  a  sufficient  stock  of  machines  and  imple- 
ments of  the  best  construction.  Very  great  improvements  have  of  late  years  taken 
place  in  this  department  of  mechanics.  The  great  agricultural  societies  of  the  country 
have  devoted  much  of  their  attention  to  it ;  and  under  their  auspices,  and  stimulated 
by  their  prizes  and  exhibitions,  manufacturers  of  skill  and  capital  have  embarked 
largely  in  the  business.  In  many  instances  the  quality  of  the  article  has  improved 
and  its  cost  been  reduced.  The  lower  price  and  extended  use  of  iron  in  the  construction 
of  Agricultural  Implements  has  materially  added  to  their  durability,  and  generally  to 
their  efficiency,  and  is  thus  a  source  of  great  saving.  While  great  improvement  has 
taken  place  in  this  department,  it  too  commonly  happens  that  the  village  mechanics, 
by  whom  a  large  portion  of  this  class  of  implements  are  made  and  repaired,  are  ex- 
ceedingly unskillful,  and  lamentably  ignorant  of  the  principles  of  their  art.  They 
usually  furnish  good  materials  and  substantial  workmanship,  but  by  their  unconscious 
violation  of  mechanical  laws,  enormous  waste  of  motive  power  is  continually  incurred 
and  poor  results  attained.  This  is  being  remedied  by  the  construction  of  the  more 
costly  and  complex  machines  being  carried  on  in  extensive  factories,  where,  under  the 
combined  operation  of  scientific  superintendence,  ample  capital,  and  skilled  labor, 
aided  by  steam  power,  the  work  is  so  performed  as  to  combine  the  maximum  of  excel- 
lence, with  the  minimum  of  cost. 

That  all  these  various  articles  of  Agricultui-al  Implements  may  be  better  placed  in 
position  for  sale,  where  the  agriculturist  and  the  merchant  who  deals  direct  with  the 
farmer  can  obatin  their  supplies,  Agricultural  Implement  Depots  have  been  estab- 
lished, under  the  management  of  men  who  are  either  agents  or  extensive  purchasers 
from  the  manufacturer  of  every  Implement  of  accredited  utility,  and  every  new  inven- 
tion of  skill,  which  will  lighten  toil  and  multiply  the  agencies  to  greater  ease  and 
comfort  to  the  gardener  and  the  farmer. 


AGRICULTUUAL    IMPLEMENT    WAREHOUSE.  169 

The  House  of  W.  H.  KRETSINGEE,  at  No.  91  Water  Street,  established  upon  this 
principle,  has  added  greatly  to  the  facilities  of  the  whole  agricultural  class  of  the 
North-West,  and  many  of  these  Implements  of  great  iitility  and  simplicity,  introduced 
by  him,  have  inspired  new  hopes  and  stimulated  to  greater  activity  the  cultivator  of 
the  soil.  We  can  hardly  over-estimate  the  beneficial  results  of  an  establishment  of 
this  kind  in  Chicago,  upon  our  entire  agricultural  community.  Much  credit  is  due  to 
Mr.  Kretsinger  for  the  industry,  perseverance  and  skill  he  has  manifested  in  accumu- 
lating into  one  establishment  so  many  valuable  Agricultural  Implements.  But  they 
are  here  to  be  scattered  again,  for  like  the  wanderirig  Jew,  they  have  a  restless  immor- 
tality. As  the  Agricultural  Goods  trade  proper  embraces  a  very  wide  range  of  Im- 
plements and  tools,  many  of  which  are  cumbrous,  such  as  Reapers,  Mowers,  Thresh- 
ers, Plows,  etc.,  it  becomes  necessary  for  a  division  of  trade  ;  the  heavy  goods  being 
placed  on  sale  through  the  country,  of  easy  access  to  the  farmer,  while  the  others  are 
gathered  in  such  an  establishment  as  this  of  Mr.  Kretsinger.  Among  the  leading 
articles  are  Scythes,  Forks,  Snaths,  Hoes,  Horse  and  Hand  Rakes,  Grain  Cradles, 
Scoops,  Shovels,  Spades,  Scythe  Stones,  etc.,  etc.;  the  amount  of  sales  of  these  articles 
is  immense. 

Since  the  establishment  of  Mr.  Kretsinger's  House  in  Chicago,  in  1857,  he  has  been 
steadily  adding  to  his  facilities  for  extending  his  trade.  He  represents  one  of  the  old- 
est and  most  extensive  manufacturing  firms  in  Ohio?  whose  implements  are  every- 
where accredited  as  superior  in  finish,  pattern  and  make.  Mr.  Kretsinger  stands  at 
the  head  of  this  business  in  Chicago,  and  is  worthy  of  the  liberal  patronage  bestowed 
on  him  by  merchants  who  make  their  purchases  in  this  market.  The  Agricultural 
Implement  Warehouse  of  Kretsinger  ought  to  be  known  by  every  dealer  in  the  North- 
West.  No  purchaser  of  these  goods  should  visit  Chicago  without  looking  through 
his  stock. 

In  addition  to  Agricultural  Goods,  he  also  deals  extensively  in  Wagon  Makers' 
Wood  Stock. 

Remember,  Kretsinger's  Agricultural  ^Implement  Warehouse,  No.  91  South  Water 
Street. 


PUTNAM'S  GREAT  EASTERN  CLOTHING  EMPORIUM. 


BUT  few  are  aware  of  the  vast  extent  to  which  the  sale  of  Ready  Made  Clothing  Is 
carried  on  at  the  present  day.  Probably  no  branch  of  business  has  so  rapidly  in- 
creased in  its  manufacture  and  sale  as  this.  But  a  few  years  ago,  it  was  confined  to 
goods  of  very  inferior  quality,  style  and  make,  worn  mostly  by  seamen  and  laborers. 
But  now  the  most  fashionable,  exquisite  or  fastidious  taste,  can  be  suited  in  a  short 
time,  with  goods  which  for  price  and  finish  would  rival  the  most  celebrated  tailors  of 
London  and  Paris.  In  the  cities  of  New  York,  Boston  and  Philadelphia  alone,  the 
yearly  sale  of  Ready  Made  Clothing^is  estimated  to  exceed  $70,000,000. 

If  the  ancients,  who  first  donned  the  skins  of  wild  beasts,  or  covered  up  their  naked- 
ness with  the  leaves  of  the  forests ;  or  even  the  matrons  of  more  modern  times,  who 
occupied  their  leisure  hours  in  weaving  home-spun,  while  the  juveniles  were  lulled  to 
sleep  by  the  music  of  the  spinning  wheel,  could  once  more  visit  the  earth,  their  aston- 


PUTNAM'S  GREAT  EASTERN  CLOTHING  EMPORIUM.  171 

ishment  could  be  no  greater  than  that  of  the  recluse  purchaser,  who  for  the  first  time 
enters  PUTNAM'S  Great  Eastern  Emporium  or  Ready  Made  Clothing  Establishment, 
where  combined  art,  industry,  perseverance  and  capital  have  instituted  a  new  era  in 
the  Eeady  Made  Clothing  business,  producing  a  better  article  for  less  money,  and  more 
accurate  Jits  and  fashionable  styles  than  formerly  was  accorded  only  to  the  more 
wealthy. 

The  enterprise  and  ingenuity  of  the  Yankee  has  perfected,  by  the  aid  of  machinery, 
all  this -T- and  that  most  wonderful  little  piece  of  mechanism,  the  sewing  machine, 
which  has  so  recently  been  added  to  the  list  of  inventions,  has  brought  about  a  new 
era  in  the  Clothing  trade,  whereby  the  man  of  most  humble  means  is  enabled  to  sup- 
port garments  of  as  recherche  style  as  the  man  who  can  boast  of  his  thousands.  We  would 
call  attention  to  the  fact,  that  but  few  cities  can  boast  of  a  more  magnificent  store  for 
the  sale  of  Ready  Made  Clothing  than  our  enterprising  friend,  PUTNAM,  proprietor  of 
the  Mammoth  Eastern  Emporium.  Mr.  PUTNAM  is  yet  a  young  man,  and  has  been 
with  its  but  a  few  years.  Still,  by  an  indomitable  energy,  he  now  outrivals  all  com- 
petitors, and  leads  all  others  in  the  sale  of  FASHIONABLE  READY  MADE  CLOTHING.  At 
his  store  may  be  found  piles  and  piles  of  goods,  of  every  quality,  make  and  finish ;  and 
the  crowd  of  customers  who  daily  throng  the  establishment,  is  a  sufficient  guarantee  that 
he  has  accomplished  the  great  aim  he  had  in  view  —  making  his  fortune  by  selling  an 
enormous  quantity  of  goods  at  the  lowest  living  profit  —  depending  upon  his  increas- 
ing sales  for  his  profit.  Mr.  PUTNAM  is  not  slow  in"  using  printer's  ink ;  and  he  in- 
forms us  that  his  success  depends,  in  a  measure,  upon  advertising.  He  has  fully  dem- 
onstrated the  value  of  a  liberal  and  judicious  system  of  advertising.  From  small 
beginnings,  a  few  years  since,  he  has  realized  a  fortune,  and  built  up  an  extensive  and 
successful  trade.  He  believes  that  if  a  bad  article  can  be  sold  by  a  vigorous  system 
of  pushing  and  advertising,  much  more  so  a  good  one ;  and  herein  lies  the  secret  of 
his  great  success.  During  the  last  ten  years  he  has  paid  twenty-five  thousand  dollars 
for  advertising  —  some  weeks,  even  as  high  as  from  three  hundred  to  five  hundred  dol- 
lars. We  are  proud  to  record  the  names  of  such  men,  to  be  handed  down  to  posterity, 
who,  by  industry,  perseverance  and  liberality,  have  carved  out  an  honorable  fortune. 

Such  enterprise  certainly  deserves  success ;  and  we  would  most  cheerfully  say,  that 
by  a  visit  to  his  establishment,  you  will  find  his  clerks  polite  and  attentive ;  and  his 
goods  and  prices  cannot  but  induce  you  to  make  your  purchases  at  the  Emporium, 
when  in  need  of  any  articles  in  the  way  of  Clothing.  Go  and  be  convinced  of  the 
fact,  at  PUTNAM'S  MAMMOTH  EASTEBN  CLOTHING  EMPORIUM,  116  and  118  Randolph 
Street,  Chicago. 


MECHANICAL  BAKERY, 


BREAD  is  the  staff  of  life  among  all  civilized 
nations,  and  on  the  European  continent  it  is 
nearly  the  only  solid  food  of  the  peasantry  of  large 
provinces.  For  this  reason  many  inventions  have 
been  made  in  every  country  to  improve  and  cheapen 
the  manufacture  of  this  great  staple  of  existence,  only 
two  of  which  have,  thus  far,  been  successful.  They 
are  those  of  Hiram  Berdan  of  New  York',  and  J.  F. 
Holland  of  France. 

Berdan's  Machinery  was  established  in  Brooklyn 
in  December,  1856,  and  was  destroyed  by  -fire  in 
May  following.  A  large  establishment,  on  the  same 
plan,  has  since  been  erected  in  Chicago,  capable  of 
converting  two  hundred  and  fifty  barrels  of  flour 
into  bread  daily ;  the  building  is  four  stories  high. 
There  is  one  oven  twenty-seven  feet  high,  twenty-six  feet  long,  and  ten  feet  wide, 
passing  from  the  basement  into  the  third  story.  It  is  heated  by  an  ordinary  coal 
furnace  underneath,  through  brick  arches  which  form  the  bottom  of  the  oven  to 
fire  brick  flues,  which  run  up  the  sides  and  carry  off  the  smoke  to  the  chimney.  The 
heat  is  thus  radiated  into  a  close  chamber.  The  temperature  is  regulated  by  dampers 
moved  by  iron  rods,  which  close  and  open  by  hand.  Within  the  oven  are  three  endless 
vertical  chains  supporting  the  cars  containing  the  bread.  These  cars  are  twenty-six  in 
number,  continually  in 'motion  one  above  the  other,  passing  and  repassing.  The 
chains  move  slowly  around,  so  that  the  cars  move  upward  on  one  side  of  the  oven  and 
downward  on  the  other.  The  oven  has  four  doors,  two  on  the  first  and  two  on  the 
second  story.  On  the  sides  where  the  chains  move  upward  the  cars  containing  the 
bread  enter  the  oven  through  the  upper  door  and  are  delivered  at  the  lower  door, 
the  reverse  Is  done  OB  the  other  side.  These  bread  cars  are  made  of  wrought  iron 
frames  on  which  the  unbaked  loaves  are  placed.  The  car  being  charged  with  loaves 
by  hand,  the  door  of  the  oven  opens  mechanically,  an  iron  arm  conies  out,  pulls  in  the 
car  on  railroad  tracks  and  the  door  closes.  When  the  car  arrives  opposite  the  other 


MECHANICAL   BAKERY.  173 

door  the  bread  is  baked;  this  door  is  opened,  the  car  is  pushed  out  by  an  iron  arm, 
the  loaves  are  dumped  from  it  into  baskets,  and  the  car  moves  on  a  track  to  the  front 
of  the  other  door,  where  the  attendant  stands  ready  to  load  it  with  new  loaves. 

Machinery  is  used  for  kneading,  by  which  ten  barrels  are  kneaded  in  ten  to  fifteen 
minutes.  The  dough  is  made  into  loaves  by  another  machine.  They  are  all  equal 
weight  according  to  adjustment.  The  fuel  used  is  coal.  It  is  claimed  that  there  is 
an  economy  of  fifty  per  cent,  on  this  combustible,  and  thirty  per  cent,  on  labor,  with  a 
gain  in  the  quality  and  weight  of  the  bread,  so  that  with  one  Bakery  of  this  kind  nearly 
as  much  work  can  be  done,  as  with  twenty  built  on  the  common  plan.  And  herein 
consists  the  unparalleled  success  of  the  Mechanical  Bakery  Company,  with  a  man  at  the 
head  of  its  interests  of  untiring  energy,  indomitable  courage,  capable  of  surmounting 
every  obstacle.  This  great  representative  establishment  is  conducted  under  a  corporate 
company,  composed  of  gentlemen  of  high  respectability  and  business  talent,  one  of 
their  number,  Mr.  H.  C.  CHILDS,  who  acts  as  general  superintendent,  devoting  his 
time  and  interests  to  the  conducting  and  developing  its  great  interests.  Its  officers 
are  E.  C.  Larned,  President,  J.  T.  Ryerson,  Secretary,  B.  "W.  Raymond,  and  George 
F.  Rumsey,  are  Directors. 

"When  this-establishment  first  went  into  operation,  with  its  present  efficient  board  of 
officers,  it  became  evident  it  would  prove  a  successful  venture',  as  has  subsequently 
been  demonstrated  in  the  highest  degree.  And  to-day  the  "  Chicago  Mechanical 
Bakery  "  is  regarded  in  the  light  of  a  well  founded,  successful,  commercial  enterprise, 
the  result  of  bold  energy,  persevering  efforts,  and  skilled  business  management —  one 
of  the  institutions  of  interest  to  our  commercial  prosperity,  and  the  development  of 
science,  in  multiplying  the  necessities  of  life,  cheapening  the  production,  and  lessening 
toil.  These  advances  are  encouraging  signs  of  a  higher  civilization  and  national 
prosperity. 

The  cost  of  erecting  the  building  was  $14,000  and  the  lot  upon  which  it  stands"  cost 
$30,000.  The  capital  invested  for  transacting  the  business  amounts  to  $82,000. 
The  Bakery  went  into  operation  in  June  1858,  since  when  it  has  been  continually 
increasing  in  its  capacity  and  the  perfection  of  its  arrangement. .  During  the  last  year 
in  addition  to  its  already  extensive  operations,  they  have  supplied  the  army  in  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Western  Virginia  with  six  million  pounds  of  bread.  Their 
trade  in  Crackers,  such  as  Soda,  Butter,  Boston,  Graham,  Wine,  Water,  Pic-nic,  etc., 
go  to  supply  the  best  dealers  in  twelve  different  States.  The  business  amounts  to 
nearly  a  million  of  dollars  annually. 

They  give  employment  to  one  hundred  men.  There  are  four  distinct  departments, 
comprising  Soft  Bread,  Hard  Bread,  Crackers,  Pastry  and  Cakes,  consuming  about 
seventy-thousand  barrels  of  flour  annually.  The  motive  power  of  this  great  establish- 
ment is  driven  by  a  fifteen  horse  power  steam  engine.  It  is  located  on  North  Clinton 
between  Lake  and  Randolph  streets. 


FURNITURE,  CHAIRS  AND  UPHOLSTERY, 


THIS  branch  of  industry  has  very  much  progressed,  both  in  point  of  taste  and 
extent  of  production,  within  the  last  few  years.  In  1845  there  were  but  few 
furniture  stores  in  this  city,  and  they  were  mostly  small  ones,  keeping  samples  of  the 
styles  of  goods,  but  relying  mainly  on  orders  from  their  customers  to  supply  work  for 
their  employees.  A  spring  seat  Sofa  or  Chair  was  then  a  luxury  —  almost  a  novelty. 
The  art  of  veneering  was  jnst  beginning  to  be  understood.  Previous  to  this  period  a 
crotch  of  mahogany  wood  was  cut  into  veneers  by  a  narrow  blade  saw,  drawn  laterally 
by  two  men.  •  They  could  not  get  more  than  four  veneers  out  of  an  inch  thickness, 
and  it  could  onlybe  applied  to  flat  work  or  very  slight  curves.  About  this  time  cir- 
cular saws,  some  of  which  were  seven  or  eight  feet  in  diameter,  were  introduced,  and 
gradual  improvements  were  made  so  that  at  the  present  time  it  is  not  uncommon  to 
produce  sixteen  veneers  to  the  inch.  Mahogany,  rosewood  and  walnut,  and  all  the 
finer  woods  are  now  used  in  veneering,  with  such  skill  that  elliptic  ogees  and  oval  sur- 
faces of  common  wood  are  covered  with  a  thin  coating  of  fine  wood,  thus  reducing 
the  consumption,  comparatively,  of  finer  woods.  In  course  of  time  mahogany  became 
scarce,  and  growing  in  mountain  fastnesses  it  was  procured  only  at  great  expense. 
Kosewood  has  always  been  equally  difficult  to  obtain.  American  "Walnut  was  examined 
and  on  trial  it  was  found  equally  suitable  for  finer  Furniture.  "Walnut  is  now  used 
more  than  all  other  woods  combined.  The  supply  on  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the 
Western  States,  generally,  is  almost  unlimited,  and  the  quality  of  it  so  superior  that 
large  quantities  are  shipped  to  Europe.  The  result  is  that  an  immense  Furniture 
manufacturing  business  has  sprung  up  in  this  city,  which  has  given  Chicago  a  well 
merited  reputation  for  the  production  of  fine  Furniture ;  the  carved  work  is  really 
superb,  and  the  less  elaborate  known  as  Cottage  Furniture  is  distinguished  for  excel- 
lent workmanship,  high  polish,  tasteful  painting  and  moderate  price. 

In  Messrs.  HALE  &  BEOTHEK'S  establishment  on  Canal,  between  Lake  and 
Randolph  Streets,  our  attention  was  attracted  to  an  ingenious  method  which  this  firm 
practice,  of  staining  all  their  "Walnut  to  a  perfect  imitation  of  the  finest  Rosewood. 
The  stain  passes  into  the  grain  of  the  wood,  making  it  durable  and  susceptible  of  re- 
taining its  Rosewood  appearance  as  long  as  the  wood  will  endure.  Messrs.  Hale  & 
Brother  have  been  engaged  in  business  in  this  city  about  seven  years.  They  give  em- 


PATENT  LAW  AND  SOLICITING  OFFICE.  175 

ployment  to  about  fifty  hands,  and  have  supplied  Furniture  for  seme  of  the  finest 
mansions  in  this  city.  Their  principal  business  consists  in  supplying  the  trade,  to 
which  they  sell  large  quantities,  supplying  dealers  in  most  of  the  towns  of  the  North- 
West.  They  have  been  very  successful  in  the  selection  of  their  customers,  conse- 
quently now  occupy  a  worthy  position  at  the  head  of  the  Furniture  business  ot 
Chicago.  We  have  been  unable  to  arrive  at  the  statistics  of  the  Furniture  manufac- 
ture in  Chicago,  but  from  all  the  facts  collected,  the  Furniture  and  Upholstery  busi- 
ness will  reach  five  million  dollars. 

This  house  connect  Upholstering  and  Mattress  manufacturing  with  the  Furniture 
business.  It  embraces  the  manufacture  of  Curtains,  Pew  and  other  Cushions,  and  the 
making  of  Hair,  Moss,  and  other  kinds  of  Mattresses,  etc.  They  are  also  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  Chairs  of  every  description.  They  devote  a  good  deal  of  attention 
to  the  manufacture  of  Church,  Library,  and  Counting-house  Furniture. 

It  has  become  a  well-conceded  fact,  that  every  article  of  Furniture  required  to  eup- 
t  ••'•  pHy*this  market  can  be  produced  in  Chicago  and  sold  to  the  dealer  at  less  cost  than 
the  same  article  can  be  brought  from  an  Eastern  market.  This  extensive  establish- 
ment of  Hale  &  Brother  demonstrates  what  capital,  energy  and  business  tact  will 
accomplish,  in  manufacturing  all  these  articles  in  Chicago.  Their  facilities  enable 
them  to  offer  inducements  to  the  trade,  which  has  built  up  for  them  an  extensive 
business  with  the  North-West. 


PATENT  LAW  AND  SOLICITING  OFFICE, 


impetus  and  productiveness  which  our  Patent  Laws  have  given  to  the  inventive 
JL  genius  of  this  country,  are  truly  wonderful.  It  is  only  by  wandering  through  the 
various  departments  of  the  Patent  Office  at  Washington,  that  one  can  form  any  ad- 
equate idea  of  the  immense  number  and  variety  of  inventions  pertaining  to  every 
branch  of  industry  and  usefulness,  that  the  wise  policy  of  our  Patent  system  calls  out.  . 

Under  its  protection,  the  march  of  invention  has  been  so  rapid,  and  th$  number  of 
inventors  has  become  so  great,  as  to  give  rise  to  and  demand  a  distinct  profession,  de- 
voted exclusively  to  their  interests.  Patent  Soliciting  has  become  a  necessity  to 
Inventors,  and  Patent  Lawyers  are  a  disideratum  to  all  who  have  anything  to  do  with 
Patent  Rights. 

In  the  growth  of  the  West,  in  wealth  and  substantial  prosperity,  the  inventive 


176  THE  EPICURE'S  HO.MK. 

spirit  of  its  inhabitants  has  not  been  left  behind ;  and  it  is  of  great  importance  to 
Western  Inventors,  and  something  they  will  be  glad  to  know,  that  a  reliable  Patent 
Law  and  Soliciting  Office  has  been  established  in  the  Metropolis  of  the  West. 

Inventors  who  have  hitherto  been  compelled,  at  an  extra  risk  and  expense,  to  send 
their  inventions  East  to  be  patented,  can  now  get  their  Patents  secured,  and  everything 
done  that  an  Inventor  needs  to  have  done  to  secure  his  rights,  nearer  home  and  in  the 
most  careful  and  and  reliable  manner. 

Messrs.  COBTJRN  &  M^ts,  Attorneyo  and  Counselors  at  Law,  established  their 
office  in  1860,  and  making  Patent  Law  a  specialty,  are  thoroughly  prepared  to  do  any 
kind  of  Patent  business,  either  as  Solicitors  of  Patents  for  Inventors,  or  as  Attor- 
neys and  Counselors  in  cases  of  Patent  Right  litigation. 

Inventors  having  inventions  on  which  they  desire  to  obtain  Patents,  will  find  it  for 
their  interest  to  send  for  one  of  their  circulars;  and  any  information  they  may  want  in 
regard  to  Patents  will  be  promptly  given.  v 

Their  office  is  in  Larmon's  Block,  corner  of  Clark  and  Washington  Streets.  G44  t 


THE  EPICURE'S  HOME. 


last  Steamer  from  Europe  brought  to  our  shores  a  time-honored  citizen  of  Chi- 
JL  cago,  whom  everybody  knows  that  knows  what  good  living  is,  and  are  epicurians 
enough  to  enjoy  the  cherished  luxury  where  it  is  attainable.  The  arrival  home  of  Mr. 
JOHN  WEIGHT,  the  gentlemanly  proprietor  of  "Anderson's,"  is  an  event  of  no  little 
interest  to  many  of  our  best  citizens,  who  have  so  often  regaled  their  taste  with  rare 
delicacies  at  his  tables,  and  remembered  him  with  gratitude  a  thousand  times,  around 
the  festive  board,  at  the  bridal  party,  the  evening  sociable,  or  the  sumptuous  banquet, 
given  by  some  gentleman  of  fortune  to  some  honored  guest.  If  Mr.  Wright  has 
heretofore  been  considered  the  prince  of  caterers,  what  may  we  not  expect  from  his 
increased  knowledge  and  ripe  experience,  after  visiting  the  Cafe  de  Paris,  and  all  the 
Hotels  and  Restaurants  of  note  in  Europe,  with  an  eye  keen  to  the  acquisition  ot 
knowledge^  in  the  epicurean  art,  and  the  power  of  dispensing  luxuries  and  dainties 
with  elegance  and^reater  refinement  ? 

"Anderson's"  has  become  an  institution  of  as  great  importance  to  the  families  of  for- 
tune and  favor,  as  well  as  to  all  whose  palate  craves  a  dainty  or  a  luxury,  either  from 
his  tables  or  at  their  owy,  around  their  own  fireside  in  the  retirement  of  their  homes. 

Every  conceivable  thing  that  is  pleasant  .to  the  eye  or  grateful  to  the  taste  can  be 


BOOKBINDING    AND    RULING.  177 

ordered  at  Anderson's,  and  when  "  weighed  in  the  balances  not  ftrand  wanting,"  in 
all  those  requisites  so  essential  to  the  highest  attainable  luxury. 

During  the  coming  summer  many  a  grateful  remembrance  will  be  had  of  John 
Wright,  by  the  thousands  who  will  regale  their  tastes  with  his  celebrated  Ice  Cream 
made  by  steam.  The  rich  fruits  in  their  season  —  the  delicate  pastry  and  confection- 
ery —  the  luscious  shell-fish  expressed  daily  from  their  watery  element  —  all  are  to  be 
had  at  Anderson's  in  their  greatest  perfection.  For  the  benefit  of  strangers,  we  will 
state  that  "  Anderson's  "  is  No.  83  South  Clark  Street,  opposite  the  Court  House. 


BOOKBINDING  AND  EULING, 


7)  OOKBINDING  is  the  art  of  fastening  together  the  sheets  of  paper  composing  a 
_L)  book,  and  enclosing  them  in  pasteboard,  covered  with  leather  of  various  kinds, 
also  cloth,  paper  and  wood  ;  the  object  of  which  is  the  preservation  of  the  book,  and 
its  protection  from  injuries  while  in  use.  It  involves,  in  addition  to  skill  in  securing 
the  sheets,  no  little  knowledge  of  decorative  art ;  for  from  its  commencement  it  has 
gone  beyond  the  mere  necessities  of  utility,  often  to  heights  of  noble  extravagance. 
In  respect  to  expense,  the  limits  have  never  been  defined,  ostentation  of  display  hav- 
ing at  times  superseded  the  binder  proper  by  the  goldsmith  and  the  lapidary.  At 
times  when  books  were  rarities  —  either  manuscripts,  produced  by  patient,  secluded 
labor,  or  the  productions  of  the  printing  press,  during  the  infancy  of  typography  — 
they  were  naturally  very  highly  prized ;  and  as  much  labor  >  skill,  care  and  expense 
were  bestowed  upon  the  protection  and  embellishment  of  a  cherished  folio,  as  would 
suffice  at  the  present  day  for  the  building  of  a  house.  The  wooden  cover  of  a  book, 
with  its  metal  hinges,  bosses,  guards  and  clasps,  seems,  in  all  but  dimensions,  fit  for  a 
church  door ;  but  since  the  great  improvement  in  the  mechanical  arts  connected  with 
the  production  of  books,  together  with  the  extension  of  education  to  all  classes,  and 
the  consequent  diffusion  of  knowledge,  literature  has  become  almost  as  necessary  as 
clothing  and  shelter  to  the  comforts  of  civilized  man ;  hence  the  multiplication  of 
books,  and  the  gradual  but  radical  changes  witnessed  during  the  present  century  in  the 
art  of  Bookbinding. 

This  great  art  still  lacks  its  historian  ;  it  is  much  to  be  regretted,  that  on  a  subject 
so  well  deserving  attention  of  the  curious  and  learned,  no  researches  have  been  made 
into  the  origin,  progress  and  decline  of  the  art.     Beyond  a  few  incidental  and  frag- 
23 


178  BOOKBINDING    AND    RULING. 

mentary  passages  in  the  writings  of  bibliographers  and  travelers,  merely  description, 
we  may  seek  in  vain  for  reliable  information. 

It  would  be  exceedingly  difficult  to  determine  what  the  art  of  Bookbinding,  or  that 
which  occupied  its  place,  was  during  the  middle  ages,  as  no  evidence  remains,  and  the 
light  of  discovery  has  not  been  thrown  upon  it.  All  that  we  can  at  present  learn  is, 
that  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  owing  probably  to  the  impulse  given  to  letters 
and  to  everything  connected  with  literature  by  Charlemagne  and  the  princes  of  his  line, 
the  external  decoration  of  manuscript  was  carried  to  a  high  state  of  perfection.  The 
parchment  in  leaves  was  inclosed  between  two  tables  of  wood  or  ivory,  inlaid  and  in- 
crusted  with  jewels  and  precious  stones,  bosses  of  gold  and  silver,  sometimes  with 
hinges  and  clasps  of  these  metals. 

The  library  of  the  Louvre  contains  the  the  celebrated  Book  of  Hours,  written  with 
letters  of  gold  upon  purple  parchment ;  it  is  covered  with  red  velvet.  This  book  was 
given  to  the  city  of  Toulouse  by  Charlemagne. 

It  was  only  in  the  eighteenth  century  that  binding  assumed  an  importance  as  an  art. 
The  present  tendency  of  the  art  is  toward  neatness  in  general  effect,  and  where  orna- 
ment is  at  all  conspicuous,  to  emblematic  truth.  The  introduction  of  Cloth  binding 
has  had  the  effect  of  combining  considerable  durability  with  economy ;  and  a  large 
portion  of  books  now  made  are  in  that  style.  Leather,  Morocco,  Velvet,  occasionally 
Ivory  and  Mother-of-pearl,  and  sometimes  highly  polished  Wood,  are  used  for  the 
more  expensive  bindings ;  while  with  books  intended  for  presentation,  much  latitude 
is  allowed  in  respect  to  intrinsic  adornment. 

At  the  Crystal  Palace  exhibition,  held  in  New  York  in  1853,  .the  first  premium  for 
Bookbinding  was  awarded  to  William  Mathews,  for  a  copy  of  Owen  Jones'  "Alham- 
bra,"  on  which  the  Bookbinder's  work  was  estimated  to  be  worth  six  hundred  dollars. 
The  material  and  decoration  of  the  binding  were  solely  such  as  properly  belong  to  the 
art,  including  no  jewels  or  precious  metals,  and  its  value  consisted  entirely  in  the  man- 
ual labor  consumed  in  its  production. 

Among  the  Bookbinders  in  Chicago,  we  have  those  who  produce  binding  equal  to 
any  made  in  the  United  States.  For  artistic  finish,  excellence  of  workmanship,  neat- 
ness in  general  effect  and  emblematic  truth,  there  is  no  one  who  ranks  higher  than 
Mr.  WILLIAM  J.  WILSON,  whose  Bindery  is  located  in  the  building  known  as  Hounds' 
Type  Foundry,  on  State,  near  Lake  Street.  Mr.  Wilson  has  devoted  thirty  years  of 
unremitting  toil  and  perseverance  in  perfecting  himself  in  this  growing  art.  His  early 
education  in  Bookbinding  commenced  in  England,  where  his  early  advantages  have 
not  been  lost  in  his  subsequent  experience  in  this  country  during  the  last  twenty  years. 
Some  of  the  best  volumes  that  ever  left  a  bindery  from  this  city  have  come  from  Mr. 
Wilson's. 

A  very  important  branch  of  his  business  consists  in  Killing  and  Blank  Books,  which 
in  Chicago  has  become  a  very  extensive  business.  His  ruling  machines  combine  all 
the  modern  improvements,  which  is  a  great  gain  on  those  of  former  years.  No  nation 


MUSIC    PUBLISHERS. 


17V) 


or  people  equal  this  for  Blank  Book  Binding.  Mr.  "Wilson  stands  pre-eminent  in  this 
branch  of  the  trade,  his  facilities  are  such  as  to  enable  him  to  execute  orders  with 
despatch  and  in  the  best  possible  manner. 


MUSIC  PUBLISHERS, 


musical  composers  who  furnish  our  songs  and  whose  productions  have  the 
JL  widest  popularity  among  the  masses  of  our  people,  and  are  educating  them  for  a 
higher  civilization,  are  known  to  very  few  even  by  reputation.  The  new  melodies 
and  songs,  sacred  and  secular,  that  greet  the  public  ear  week  after  week,  and  are  sung, 
whistled  and  hummed  by  the  thousands  all  through  the  valley  of  the  "West,  in  the 
sacred  temple  as  anthems  to  the  great  Jehovah,  in  the  concert  room,  in  the  Salon  of 
fashion,  around  the  fire-side  of  the  cabin  and  the  hovel,  in  the  camp  and  on  the  tented 
field,  and  where ver  human  voices  are  heard;  thumped  on  piano  fortes,  thrummed  on 
banjoes,  breathed  on  tlutes,  tortured  into  variations ;  all  indicate  our  growing  love  for 
music.  Every  nation  has  had  its  native  music,  and  records  of  national  songs  have 
come  down  to  us  from  the  remotest  antiquity.  We  too  have  have  a  native  music, 
such  as  Yankee  Doodle,  Hail  Columbia,  and  some  other  national  songs;  but  as  artis- 
tic compositions,  they  are  so  inferior  that  they  indicate  a  national  spirit  for  indepen- 
dence, rather  than  a  taste  for  music. 

In  America  we  are  inaugurating  a  new  reign  for  music,  which  has  long  been  an 
exotic.  We  are  beginning  to  study  it  in  common  schools,  like  the  Germans  —  we  are 
beginning  to  enthrone  Apollo  in  our  homes  —  and  will  yet  enshrine  his  glorious 
image  in  our  hearts.  Since  the  shrill  clarion  of  war's  alarm  has  summoned  the  nation 
to  arms,  most  of  our  music  composers  are  weaving  into  songs  and  melodies  historic 
and  national  souvenirs,  which  are  becoming  everywhere  popular,  and  will  have  no 
unimportant  agency  in  preserving  many  incidents  and  embellishments  of  history. 


1*0  THE    PRESENT    METALLIC    A(iK. 

One  of  the  most  important  agencies  in  diffusing  these  songs  and  melodies  throughout 
this  entire  valley  is  the  great  Music  Publishing  House  of  Messrs.  ROOT  &  CADY,  No. 
95  Clark  Street.  This  firm  represents  one  of  the  fairest  and  most  extensive  music 
publishing  houses  in  the  West. 

The  firm  is  composed  of  George  F.  Root,  E.  T.  Root,  and  C.  M.  Cady.  All  of  them 
are  musical  men,  the  first  named  is  the  celebrated  musical  composer  —  they  devote 
their  whole  time  to  the  interests  of  the  business  —  these  three  make  our  Trinity  of 
musical  fame  in  this  valley  of  the  West.  Messrs.  Root  &  Cady  are  the  sole  agents 
for  this  city  for  the  celebrated  Steinway  &  Sons'  Patent  overstrung  grand  and  square 
Pianos,  which  are  considered  the  best  manufactured,  and  warranted  for  five  years. 
They  have  received  medals  over  all  others  made.  Thalberg,  Benedict,  Strakosch,  and 
other  illustrious  composers  of  Europe,  have  given  homage  and  written  their  unquali- 
fied commendations,  and  one  by  one  composers,  preform ers,  and  lovers  of  music 
throughout  the  world  have  greeted  them  with  delight  wherever  they  have  been 
known.  In  sweetness,  power  of  tone,  solidity  of  construction  and  elasticity  of  touch 
they  are  probably  superior  to  any  other  Piano  manufactured. 

Messrs.  Root  &  Cady  have  recently  extended  their  facilities  for  publishing,  by 
adding  to  their  already  extensive  business  a  music  Composition  House,  enabling 
them  to  prepare  their  own  illuminated  title  pages  and  sheet  music,  with  great  care  and 
correctness,  and  produce  any  piece  of  sheet  music  or  bound  volume  at  the  shortest 
notice.  They  are  the  originators  of  music  publishing  in  the  West,  and  the  only  house 
having  their  facilities. 

These  elegant  music  rooms  on  the  first  and  second  floors  of  No.  95  Clark  Street 
are  a  constant  resort  for  sociable,  musical,  loving  spirits. 


THE  PEESENT  METALLIC  AGE, 

might  with  propriety  be  called  the  Ulended  metallic  age  ;  for  although  silver 
_L  has  been  very  scarce,  yet  gold  and  iron  are  in  abundance.  Iron  is  doing  more  for 
mankind  than  gold.  It  is  revolutionizing  the  world.  England  digs  little  or  no  gold 
from  her  soil,  but  iron  has  made  her  the  richest  nation  on  the  earth.  Irpn  is 
stronger  than  armies ;  it  is  mightier  than  kings  —  the  most  powerful  of  all  metals,  and 
the  most  bountifully  provided  in  variety  and  general  distribution  of  its  ores.  It  is 
applied  to  the  greatest  number  of  purposes,  and  consumed  in  larger  quantities  than  all 
other  metals  combined.  The  most  massive  metallic  works  are  made  of  it,  and  also  the 
most  delicate  instruments,  as  the  hair  springs  of  watches,  in  which  the  metal  attains  a 
far  higher  value,  weight  for  weight,  than  that  of  gold  itself.  No  material  is  so  en 


THE   PRESENT   METALLIC    AGE.  181 

hanced  in  price  by  the  valuable  qualities  imparted  to  it  by  labor.     A  bar  of  iron  worth 
five  dollars  is  worth  ten  and  one-half  dollars  when  made  into  horse-shoes  ;   fifty-five 
dollars  in  the  form  of  needles ;  three  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  dollars  in 
pen-knife  blades];  twenty-nine  thousand  four  hundred  and  eighty  dollars,  in  buttons; 
and  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  in  balance  springs  of  watches. 

The  art  of  working  metals  is  a  very  ancient  one.  The  Scriptures  tell  us  that  Tubal 
Cain  was  an  instructor  of  every  artifice  in  brass  and  iron. 

The  multiform  uses  of  iron  are  beginning  to  be  understood  by  the  American  nation 
as  by  no  other.  One  small  vessel,  built  of  iron,  planned  and  perfected  by  onr  own 
countryman,  "  ERICSSON,"  has  by  one  single  trial  of  her  skill  and  power,  electrified 
all  the  naval  powers  of  the  world,  and  is  destined  to  revolutionize  the  whole  system  of 
naval  architecture.  Iron  is  beginning  to  be  used  in  building  our  cities.  The  establish- 
ment of  our  empire  in  the  gold-land,  fringed  the  Pacific  with  meteor  cities,  that  flashed 
in  flame  and  were  rebuilt  only  to  become  heaps  of  ashes.  There  men  have  begun  now 
to  build  what  the  fire  cannot  consume ;  and  the  weary  gold  hunter  deposits  his  treas- 
ure where  he  defies  the  flames. 

Iron  is  doing  more  for  Chicago  than  gold  and  silver  in  the  hands  of  our  artizans, 
founders  and  machinists.  Men  of  enterprise,  genius  and  business  talent,  are  furnishing 
rails  for  our  great  Appian  ways,  which  open  up  to  us  communication  with  towns  and 
cities  whose  commerce  is  enriching  us  and  making  us  a  great  people.  To  few  of  our 
citizens  is  society  more  deeply  indebted  than  to  P.  ~W.  GATES,  President  of  the  "Eagle 
Works  Manufacturing  Company."  His  efforts  in  establishing  this  gigantic  manufac- 
turing interest  in  Chicago  cannot  be  too  highly  appreciated.  The  Herculean  efforts 
which  this  man  has  made  to  convince  the  world  that  iron  was  intended  by  the  Creatoi 
for  great  and  noble  purposes,  developing  its  power  and  influence  in  moulding  the  des- 
tinies of  nations,  have  been  astounding. 

More  than  twenty  years  ago,  Mr.  Gates  laid  the  foundation  of  this  great  representa 
tive  establishment  in  an  obscure  blacksmith  shop,  with  a  capital  amounting  to  just 
twelve  and  one-half  dollars,  which  comprised  his  stock  in  trade.  He  was  burdened 
with  a  debt  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  State  to  pay 
contractors  on  the  canal ;  and  in  consequence  of  the  general  embarrassment  of  the 
country,  by  failure  of  crops,  etc.,  he  made  slow  progress  for  several  years.  He  pos- 
sessed the  energy  that  knew  no  discouragement ;  his  heroism  was  equal  to  all  exigen- 
cies. He  has  passed  through  trying  times  ;  for  he  has  been  a  bold  man,  daring  to  do 
good  where  it  was  hazardous  biisiness,  venturing  to  trust  neighbors  when  they  did  not 
confide  in  each  other  —  but  there  never  was  an  hour  when  those  who  knew  him  did 
not  trust  him  with  the  greatest  confidence.  His  name  became  known  not  only  through 
this  valley  of  the  West,  but  in  almost  every  place  where  gold  is  dug  on  this  continent ; 
for  Gates'  Steam  Engines  and  Boilers,  high  and  low  presmre,  Sugar  Mills  and  Evapo- 
rators, for  making  sugar  and  syrup  from  the  Sorghum,  or  Chinese  siigar  cane ;  Quaiiz 
Mills  and  machinery  for  the  gold  regions  and  Lake  Superior  copper  mines ;  Flouring 


182  HIDES. 

Mills,  Saw  Mills,  and  in  fact  nearly  every  article  of  machinery  required  in  the  North- 
West.  In  1857,  the  sales  of  this  establishment  amounted  to  six  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars,  giving  employment  to  some  four  or  five  hundred  hands.  The 
buildings  and  grounds  occupy  most  of  three  blocks.  Since  the  crash  of  1857,  the 
Eagle  Works  have  been  obliged  to  reduce  their  force ;  employing  at  the  present  time 
from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  men,  with  facilities  and  every  prospect, 
when  the  country  shall  be  restored  to  peace,  that  this  establishment  will  equal  if  not 
exceed  its  former  prosperity. 

Under  a  new  organization  of  the  Company,  which  went  into  effect  January  1st, 
1862,  the  name  was  changed,  and  will  hereafter  be  known  as  the  "  Eagle  Works  Man- 
'ufacturing  Company,"  operated  under  a  most  liberal  and  special  charter.  Its  officers 
are,  P.  W.  Gates,  President ;  Geo.  W.  Gage,  Vice  President ;  James  W.  Scoville,  Sec- 
retary and  Treasurer ;  Thomas  Chalmers,  Superintendent ;  D.  E.  Fraser,  Draftsman. 

The  Board  of  Directors  is  composed  of  Geo.  W.  Gage,  Geo.  Steel,  Win.  B.  Ogden, 
Matthew  Laflin,  Samuel  Hall,  and  Charles  B.  Brown. 


HIDES, 


THE  extent  of  the  Hide  trade  is  becoming  of  so  much  importance  in  a  commercial 
point  of  view  that  a  brief  review  in  regard  to  the  rise,  progress,  and  present 
position  of  the  trade,  as  also  its  extent  and  progress  in  Chicago,  and  the  part}'  who 
most  fairly  represents  it  in  its  largest  interest,  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  our  readers. 
Hides,  in  commerce,  are  known  as  the  skins  of  some  of  the  larger  animals  which 
are  especially  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  leather.  The  term  is  applied  chiefly  to 
those  of  cattle,  the  horse,  the  hippopotamus,  and  of  the  buffalo,  when  intended  for 
tanning.  The  skins  of  young  cattle  are  distinguished  as  kips,  those  of  the  deer,  sheep, 
goat,  seal,  etc.,  even  though  intended  for  leather  are  called  skins.  Ox  hides,  which 
may  be  considered  as  including  all  the  skins  of  the  bovine  kind  designed  for  leather, 
and  horse  hides  also,  are  articles  of  large  export  from  South  American  countries. 
California  also,  has  furnished  great  quantities  of  them.  The  animals  from  which 
they  are  principally  obtained  roam  in  vast  herds  over  the  pampas,  the  property  of 
the  estates  upon  which  they  may  be  found.  They  are  lassoed  and  slaughtered  only 
for  the  hides,  and  are  immediately  dried  in  the  sun  for  exportation.  Those  obtained 
in  the  tropics  does  not  make  so  good  leather  as  the  hides  of  temperate  latftudes.  The 
East  Indies  also  supply  a  large  portion  of  the  hides  of  commerce,  especially  to  the 


HIDES.  183 

English  market.  They  are  also  obtained  from  the  West  Indies,  the  cape  of  Good 
Hope,  from  Holland,  and  the  countries  up  the  Mediterranean.  The  skins  of  domestic 
animals  add  to  the  supplies,  and  under  the  name  of  green  hides,  are  rated  as  of  a 
better  quality  than  the  dry  or  salted  foreign  hides.  The  heaviest  hides  and  those 
•which  make  the  best  sole  leather  are  the  skins  of  steers.  Those  of  the  bull  are  thick- 
est about  the  neck  and  parts  of  the  belly,  but  in  the  back  they  are  inferior  in  thickness 
and  in  fineness  of  grain  to  the  hides  of  oxen,  or  even  of  cows  and  heifers.  But  hides 
differ  much  in  quality  when  obtained  from  animals  resembling  each  other  in  size  and 
in  other  respects,  and  their  relative  excellence  cannot  always  be  determined  on  exam- 
ination. The  best  are  made  into  the  heavy  leather  used  for  the  best  trunks,  soles  of 
shoes,  belts  for  machinery,  harness,  and  other  purposes.  The  lighter  qualities  serve 
for  the  uppers  of  common  boots  and  shoes,  and  some  are  employed  in  European  coun- 
tries without  tanning  for  covering  trunks.  Kips  and  the  skins  of  calves  make  the  best 
leather  for  the  uppers  of  fine  boots  and  shoes. 

Hides  were  an  important  article  of  trade  with  the  ancient  Egyptians,  being  largely 
imported  from  foreign  countries  and  received  as  tribute  from  the  conquered  tribes.  In 
the  paintings  on  the  walls  of  the  tombs  at  Thebes,  skins  of  the  leopard,  fox  and  other 
animals  are  seen  laid  before  the  throne  of  a  Pharaoh,  together  with  gold,  silver,  ivory, 
rare  woods,  and  various  productions  of  vanquished  countries. 

The  hide  trade  of  Chicago  has  become  one  of  vast  commercial  interest  and  rapidly 
increasing.  The  first  shipment  to  the  sea-board  from  this  city  commenced  in  1845. 
They  arrived  in  this  city  from  the  interior  of  Illinois,  from  the  States  of  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  Minnesota,  and  the  Lake  Superior  region.  The  hides  shipped  from 
Chicago  annually,  to  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  the  New  England  States  and  Canada, 
amount  in  value  to  about  $3,000,000.  The  meat  from  which  these  various  hides  are 
taken  form  another  large  article  of  commerce,  most  of  it  prepared  for  shipment,  amoun- 
ting to  nearly  or  quite  $10,000,000.  In  the  early  part  of  the  business  green  hides 
were  abundant  in  this  market  at  one  dollar  each,  or  two  cents  per  pound  for  green, 
and  four  cents  per  pound  for  dry,  and  many  hides  in  the  interior  of  the  country  were 
left  to  decay,  the  price  ranging  so  low  that  it  would  not  pay  transportation,  In  1857, 
green  hides  ranged  in  price  as  high  ten  and  one-half,  and  dry  from  nineteen  to  twen- 
ty-one cents.  These  were  extreme  prices,  such  as  had  never  occurred  previously  nor 
since  that  time.  The  present  prices  will  average  about  six  and  three-fourths  for  green 
and  fourteen  cents  for  dry  hides. 

The  principal  hide  trade  of  Chicago  is  entrusted  to  the  hands  of  a  man  of  large  ex- 
perience, having  been  thoroughly  educated  as  a  practical  Tanner,  and  for  several  years 
conducting  an  extensive  tanning  business.  For  the  past  eighteen  years  he  has  had  an 
intimate  and  practical  knowledge  of  the  hide  trade  in  all  its  detail.  Mr.  ISAAC  S. 
Eusu  has,  during  the  last  ten  years,  given  more  encouragement  and  accomplished 
more  in  developing  the  hide  trade  than  any  other  man  in  Chicago.  Mr.  Bush  com- 
menced with  it  when  it  was  in  its  infancy,  watched  all  its  progress  and  development, 


184 


HATS    AND    CAPS. 


and  now  stands  at  the  head  of  it.  He  is  the  master  and  controller  of  the  hide  trade 
in  Chicago  and  the  North-West.  His  business  with  the  packers  of  this  city 
amounts  to  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  per  annum ;  and  his  trade  through 
the  country  reaches  a  much  larger  amount.  Mr.  Bush  acts  for  Eastern  parties,  who 
commission  him  to  purchase ;  his  long  experience,  thorough  knowledge,  unlimited  fa- 
cilities, and  reputation  for  high  commercial  integrity,  make  him  sought  for  in  all 
transactions  of  any  importance  in  this  branch  of  trade. 

The  general  dealers  in  the  business  purchase  hides  promiscuously — green,  half  green 
and  salted,  of  all  weights  and  sizes,  and  prepare  them  in  a  condition  for  shipment. 
Mr.  Bush  buys  of  the  dealer,  in  such  quantities,  sizes  and  weights  as  will  best 
serve  the  tanners  in  the  Eastern  market,  by  whom  he  is  commissioned.  He  gives  his 
personal  attention  to  the  purchase  of  every  hide. 

Having  spent  many  years  in  the  tanning  business,  and  devoting  his  whole  time  to 
the  hide  business,  he  is  necessarily  a  most  competent  judge  of  leather  of  every  de- 
scription, in  which  he  also  deals  largely  for  the  benefit  of  merchants  throughout  the 
country.  To  such  men  as  Mr.  Bush,  Chicago  owes  much  of  her  present  greatness  and 
unprecedented  continued  prosperity. 

Mr.  Bush's  place  of  business  is  163  Kinzie  Street. 


HATS  AND  CAPS, 


•Gf  TN  some  form  man  appears  to  have 
" «  _L  made  use  of  a  hat  to  protect  the 
head  from  the  cold  of  winter,  the 
burning  rays  of  the  sun,  or  against 
blows  in  battle,  from  the  most  re- 
mote periods.  It  was  constructed  in 
various  shapes,  and  of  the  greatest 
variety  of  materials  according  to 
the  purpose  for  which  it  was  de- 
signed. As  a  part  of  defensive 
armor  the  hat  was  the  helmet,  which 
still  retains  its  primitive  shape ;  as  a  protection  from  the  weather  it  was  the  cap  such 
as  we  see  in  ancient  figures  representing  the  goddess  of  liberty.  The  ancient  Greeks 
appear  to  have  employed  several  other  kinds  of  head  dress,  the  names  and  appear- 


HATS   AND   CAPS.  185 

ance  of  which  have  been  faithfully  presented  in  their  writings  as  well  as  engraved 
upon  antique  gems. 

The  hat  being  the  most  conspicuous  article  of  dress  and  surmounting  all  the  rest,  it 
was  natural  to  give  it  special  care  and  attention,  to  place  in  it  showy  plumes  and 
jewels  and  surround  it  with  bands  of  gold  and  silver.  Its  form  and  sometimes  color 
were  also  made  to  designate  the  rank  and  character  of  the  wearer ;  the  monarch  being 
known  by  his  crown,  the  cardinal  by  his  red  hat,  betokening  his  readiness  to  spill  his 
blood  for  the  sake  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  court  fool  by  a  cap  with  a  bell.  In  one 
form  it  served  to  distinguish  the  military  officer  and  in  another  the  peaceful  quaker. 
Among  the  great  variety  of  hats  used  by  the  English,  the  forms  of  which  are  pre- 
served in  old  pictures,  none  combine  the  elegance,  grace  and  comfort  to  the  wearer, 
of  the  soft  hat  of  the  Spaniards,  which  the  latter  have  retained  in  use,  while  the  Eng- 
glish  have  been  continually  changing.  The  broad  folding  brims  of  past  generations 
turned  up  to  form  the  cocked  hat,  and  various  other  styles,  have  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared, the  felt  hat  being  the  only  representative  of  them  in  general  use.  The 
fashion  for  many  years  has  been  the  stiff  cylindrical  hat  with  narrow  brims,  but 
fashion  is  again  seeking  an  alliance  with  comfort  and  practical  common  sense,  and  the 
soft  felt  hats  of  wool  and  fur  are  largely  manufactured  again  for  common  wear,  and 
these  of  the  most  ordinary  kind,  differ  but  little  from  the  ancient  petasus. 

The  manufacture  of  hats  has  been  carried  to  the  highest  perfection  in  the  United 
States ;  no  people  have  ever  approached  us  in  the  elegance,  ease  and  style  of  head  dress, 
and  in  London  and  Paris  the  American  is  now  frequently  known  as  such  by  the 
excellence  of  his  head  dress.  The  American  hats  are  superseding  the  Turban  in  Tur- 
key. The  fashions  of  hats,  as  a  general  rule,  are  not  imported,  but  originate  with  the 
leading  houses.  In  New  York  we  have  Leary,  Beebe's  and  others ;  in  Philadelphia 
that  of  Herst  &  Co.,  and  in  Chicago  that  of  LOOMIS.  This  house  may  be  said  to 
represent  the  leading  fashions  in  Hats  in  Chicago.  Mr.  Loomis  has  been  engaged  in 
this  business  for  twenty 'years,  eleven  years  of  that  time  in  this  city,""untiringly,  per- 
severingly  devoting  his  energies  and  talent  in  devising  and  moulding  forms  of  beauty 
and  grace,  adapting  them  to  the  situation  and  times  and  the  enlightenment  and  advan- 
cing of  civilization.  During  this  time  he  has  passed  through  all  the  changes  of  this 
eventful  city,  has  studied  and  knows  the  wants  of  the  people  more  fully  than  any  other 
man  engaged  in  this  business  in  Chicago.  One  may  go  to  Loomis'  and  be  suited  to 
anything  for  head  gear  that  can  be  found  in  any  market,  as  also,  Canes,  Unbrellas, 
Gloves,  and  many  other  articles  usually  kept  by  Hatters. 

Loomis  is  located  in  Larmon's  Block,  opposite  the  Court  House,  No.  97  South  Clark 
Street. 


IRON  AND  HEAVY  HARDWARE, 


vs 

RON,  STEEL 
EAVY   HARDWARE. 


•T  is  probable  that  in  no  branch  of  the  general  com- 
merce of  Chicago  is  her  interest  becoming  more 
rapidly  developed  than  in  Iron  and  the  products  of  its 
manufacture.  The  rapid  increase  of  population  in 
the  North-West,  the  great  demand  for  articles  of 
Heavy  Hardware,  has  induced  men  of  capital  and 
business  capacity,  men  who  have  been  educated  in  the 
hardware  trade,  to  add  Heavy  Hardware  to  that  of 
their  former  business. 

The  most  noteworthy  of  these  houses,  perhaps,  is 
that  of  HALL,  KIMBAKK  &  Co.,  who  commenced  busi- 
ness in  Chicago  in  the  -spring  of  1853,  since  which 
time  they  have  continued  to  extend  their  business  and 
increase  their  facilities,  promptly  meeting  every  en- 
gagement, and  passing  unharmed  through  the  finan- 
cial storms  which  have  swept  over  our  city,  until  at 
the  present  time  they  stand  at  the  head  of  this  branch 
of  trade  in  this  city,  and  represent  one  of  the  fairest  and  most  reliable  mercantile  firms 
in  Chicago.  In  order  to  secure  a  more  central  position  and  other  business  facilities, 
they  fitted  up  the  two  stores,  Nos.  193  and  195  Water  Street,  forty  by  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet,  three  stories  high  with  a  basement,  opposite  the  Board  of  Trade  Rooms, 
which  they  now  occupy,  and  where  may  be  found  the  largest  and  best  stock  of  Heavy 
Hardware  in  the  North- West.  Their  trade  amounts  to  about  one  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars  per  annum.  In  order  to  meet  the  increased  demand  for  many  arti- 
cles in  their  line  of  trade,  they  employ  all  the  working  force,  most  of  the  time,  of 
one  of  the  largest  foundries  in  the  North-west.  Among  the  many  things  they  have 
manufactured,  we  may  mention  a  few  leading  ones,  viz :  Improved  Thimble  Skeins 
and  Boxes  for  wagons ;  Tire  Benders ;  Blacksmith  or  Fire  Drills ;  Road  Scrapers ; 
Fence  Keys ;  Colter  Hubs ;  Swedge  Blocks ;  and  a  variety  of  Cast  Iron  goods ;  also 
extra  quality  of  Plow  Bolts,  from  best  Charcoal  Iron. 

Thimble  Skeins  they  make  a  speciality ;  having  almost  unlimited  facilities,  they 
could  turn  out  one  hundred  set  per  day  of  finished  Skeins,  of  as  good  a  quality  as  has 
ever  been  offered  in  this  market,  having  spared  neither  effort  nor  expense  in  bringing 
their  patterns  to  perfection.  They  are  prepared  to  offer  the  trade  in  this  line  the  best 
article  made  in  the  United  States.  All  the  Skeins  now  manufactured  by  this  house 


TRUSSES    AND    AKTIFICIAL    LEGS.  187 

are  chill-hardened,  which  will  increase  their  durability  at  least  one  hundred  per  cent. 
Parties  wishing  to  purchase  Thimble  Skeins  should  by  all  means  buy  chill-hardened 
Skeins,  such  as  manufactured  by  Hall,  Kimbark  &  Co.,  without  extra  cost.  They  are 
bestowing  unusual  attention  upon  this  branch  of  manufacture ;  their  object  being  to 
introduce  the  best  article,  without  aiming  to  compete  in  price  with  brands  of  those  in- 
ferior in  quality  and  weight.  Their  sales  of  Skeins  last  year  amounted  to  ten  thou- 
sand sets,  principally  to  wagon-makers  and  dealers  who  are  fully  competent  to  judge 
of  their  merits. 

Their  stock  is  at  all  times  the  largest,  perhaps,  of  any* similar  business  in  the  North- 
"West.  The  efforts  of  this  firm  to  supply  the  North-West  with  the  best  articles  in 
their  line  at  the  lowest  prices,  entitle  them  to  the  confidence  and  patronage  of  dealers 
generally.  It  has  been  their  purpose  to  stand  between  the  manufacturer  and  the 
dealer  and  consumer.  How  well  they  have  succeeded,  an  appreciative  public  have 
fully  demonstrated  by  their  very  liberal  patronage. 


I,  B,  SEELEY'S  TRUSS,  ARTIFICIAL  LEG,  AND  SHOULDER 

BRACE  ESTABLISHMENT. 

THE  manufacture  of  Trusses  and  Arti- 
ficial Legs  demand,  on  the  part  of 
manufacturers  who  would  rise  to  emi- 
nence, other  elements  of  success  than 
mere  mechanical  skill.  His  art  is  to  aid 
the  curative  powers  of  nature  — to  man- 
ufacture appliances  for  surgical  injuries 
and  deformities,  with  their  required 
modifications  for  special  cases,  or  to  com- 
pensate for  lost  members  by  artificial  contrivances.  The  judgment,  tact,  inventive 
power  and  manual  dexterity  of  the  manufacturer,  are  important  aids  in  carrying  out 
his  ideas. 

The  Truss,  so  necessary  and  indispensable  to  the  afflicted,  has  of  late  years,  in  the 
hands  of  skillful  and  scientific  men,  undergone  every  conceivable  modification  and  im- 
provement, until  an  incredible  number  of  different  varieties  have  been  produced.  Sci- 
ence and  experience  have  demonstrated  the  fact,  that  there  are  but  two  distinct  vari- 
eties, viz.,  the  Convex  and  the  Concave  Truss. 

In  view,  then,  of  the  qualifications  required,  it  is  no  small  compliment  to  say,  as  we 
can  with  truth,  that  the  best  Truss  yet  produced  is  that  of  Goodyear  &  Riggs'  Patent 


788  TRUSSES   AND   ARTIFICIAL   LEGS. 

Hard  Kubber  Truss,  manufactured  by  I.  B.  SEELEY,  who  is  the  sole  proprietor.  They 
take  pre-eminent  rank  over  all  others.  They  have  received  the  unqualified  commen- 
dation of  physicians,  surgeons,  and  men  of  all  classes  and  positions  in  society — of 
the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army,  where  it  is  now  used  by  members  of  his  bureau  in 
preference  to  all  others;  Chief  Justice  Taney,  who  by  the  advice  of  his  family 
surgeon  ordered  one  for  his  own  use  —  and  in  fact  wherever  suffering  humanity  has 
been  afflicted  with  Hernia,  there  have  these  Trusses  gone,  as  angels  of  mercy, 
relieving  the  distressed,  healing  surgical  injuries,  and  carrying  the  balm  of  consolation 
to  the  afflicted.  "Wherever  they  have  been  on  exhibition,  at  State,  County,  Mechan- 
ical and  Agricultural  Fairs,  they  have  been  awarded  the  highest  premiums. 

Dr.  Riggs  after  devoting  years  to  the  investigation  and  treatment  of  this  disease, 
and  becoming  familiar  with  the  practical  working  and  effects  of  the  various  kinds  of 
Trusses  in  use,  at  last  devised  this,  with  the  view  of  combining  all  the  good  qualities 
of  other  Trusses  without  their  faults,  and  the  result  is  the  production  of  the  only  suc- 
cessful Truss,  which  has  everywhere  met  the  requirements  of  the  varied  forms  of 
Hernia. 

Some  of  the  advantages  claimed  in  this  Truss,  are  the  construction  of  the  pad  —  the 
material  of  which  they  are  manufactured  being  hard  rubber,  which  retains  the  hernia 
at  the  internal  ring,  with  no  pressure  on  the  spermatic  vessels — free  from  corroding — 
will  not  blister,  because  it  is  subject  to  no  friction  —  it  cannot  chafe  or  gall  —  will  not 
slip  from  the  position  it  is  placed  —  can  be  made  stiff  of  limber,  by  which  means  it  is 
more  easily  adjusted  and  adapted  to  the  most  intricate  surgical  injury.  The  spring 
being  made  of  steel  coated  with  rubber,  it  is  always  kept  clean  and  good  as  new,  which 
are  combined  advantages  over  all  other  Trusses  ever  presented  to  afflicted  humanity. 

Mr.  Seeley  has  recently  removed  his  rooms  to  126  South  Clark  Street,  where  he 
has  fitted  up  a  handsome  suite  of  rooms  for  the  better  accommodation  of  his  rapidly 
increasing  business.  Here  may  be  found  a  general  assortment  of  Trusses  of  every 
description,  ranging  in  price  from  fifty  cents  up  to  twenty  dollars;  also  Shoulder 
Braces,  Abdominal  Supporters,  Silk  Elastic  Stockings,  Suspensory  Bandages,  Surgi- 
cal Splints,  also  a  new  and  improved  instrument  for  the  treatment  of  Piles,  a  long 
looked  for  and  most  useful  invention.  Connected  with  this  establishment  is  the  man- 
ufacture of  Dr.  Wilcox's  Improved  Patent  Artificial  Leg,  manufactured  by  Mr.  C. 
Stafford,  whose  artistic  skill,  genius  and  experience  of  years  has  won  for  him  a  repu- 
tation second  to  no  man  on  this  continent;  his  testimonials  come  from  the  highest  and 
best  authority  —  those  who  are  using  Stafford's  Artificial  Limbs,  of  Wilcox's  Patent. 

Modern  science  and  inginuity  has  been  directed  and  devoted  to  the  improvement  of 
Artificial  Limbs,  until  now  the  unlucky  loser  of  an  arm  or  leg,  can  be  fitted  with  an 
artificial  one  of  this  patent  that  enables  him  to  perform  almost  all  that  could  be  effec- 
ted with  the  natural  limbs. 

This  is  the  only  regular  establishment  in  Chicago  where  Trusses  are  fitted,  and 
Artificial  Limbs  are  made.  Every  article  sold  is  warranted  to  be  as  represented. 


WOOLEN  GOODS, 


trade  in  Cloths,  Cas- 
JL  simeres,  Testings  and 
Woolens,  considered  as  a 
branch  of  commerce,  is  one 
of  the  most  important  of 
any  now  existing  in  this 
country.  It  controls  a 
greater  amount  of  capital, 
employs  a  larger  number  of 
persons,  and  distributes  a 
greater  value  of  commodi- 
ties than  any  other  branch 
of  mercantile  pursuit. 
^There  are  certainly  "mer- 
chant princes"  among  those 
engaged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits ;  but  in  capacity,  en- 
ergy and  aggregate  wealth, 
the  dealers  in  "Woolens,  as  a 
class,  are  emphatically  THE 
MERCHANTS  of  our  day  and 
country.  The  immense  cap- 
ital and  practical  experience 
required  to  engage  success- 
fully in  this  business  places 
it  above  the  reach  of  tran- 
sient speculators,  and  en- 
sures to  the  fortunate  possessor  of  the  requisite  knowledge  and  means,  a  successful 
and  remunerative  business. 

A  great  deal  has  been  said  recently  about  cotton  being  king  of  trade  and  commerce. 
If  so,  it  is  a  usurper,  for  as  long  ago  as  when  the  first  little  sail  was  hoisted  over  the 
briny  waters,  Wool  was  an  extensive  article  of  trade,  and  has  continued  so  ever  since. 
Wool  being  extensively  produced  all  over  the  world,  it  does  not  make  so  much  noise 


190  COFFEES,  SPICES  AND  TEAS. 

as  cotton,  but  is  vastly  more  comfortable  to  dwellers  in  this  climate,  where  we  have 
nearly  or  quite  six  months  of  winter  weather.  If  those  who  minister  to  our  comfort 
are  public  benefactors,  then  FIELD,  BENEDICT  &  Co.,  of  this  city,  should  take  high  rank, 
having  for  the  past  thirteen  years  supplied  a  large  part  of  the  North-West  with  ma- 
terial wherewith  to  keep  warm.  Fine  Broadcloths,  Doeskins,  Cassimeres  and  Vest- 
ings  are  a  speciality  with  this  house.  They  import  their  Cloths  direct  from  the  best 
makers  in  Europe,  such  as  Hilger  Brothers,  Simoni,  Bauendahl  &  Co.,  Jansens,  etc. 
While  they  are  head  quarters  for  fine  goods  adopted  to  men's  wear,  they  always  keep 
on  hand  a  full  assortment  of  the  best  makes  of  American  Woolen  Goods,  such  as  fancy 
and  coating  Cassimeres,  made  by  Harris,  Eddy,  Salisbury  Co.,  Milville  Co.,  Seagraves, 
Farnum,  ITtica  Mills,  etc.  In  Satinets  they  keep  a  great  variety,  of  different  colors 
and  qualities ;  as  also  Sheep's  Gray,  Tweeds,  Ky.  Jeans,  F.  &  M.  Cassimeres,  Coat- 
ings, Pant  Linens,  and  in  short  all  kinds  of  Piece  Goods  adapted  to  men's  wear,  with 
the  necessary  trimmings  to  make  them  up  with. 

Field,  Benedict  &  Co.  commenced  business  in  Chicago  in  the  spring  of  1849,  and 
their  long  experience  enables  them  to  know  exactly  the  kind  of  goods  adapted  to  the 
Western  trade. 

On  another  page  is  a  cut  of  the  building  now  occupied  by  this  house,  located  at  81 
and  83  South  Water  Street.  Their  store  is  forty  feet  wide  by  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  feet  deep,  and  being  lighted  on  three  sides,  Dealers  can  see  exactly  what  they  are 
buying.  With  their  facilities  for  importing  fine  goods,  and  with  a  resident  buyer  at 
the  East,  for  the  purchase  of  American  Woolens,  Field,  Benedict  &  Co.  are  prepared 
to  compete  successfully  with  any  jobbers  in  this  country. 


COFFEE,  SPICES  AND  TEAS, 


¥ITHIN  the  last  few  years,  the  demand  for  ground  Coffee  and  prepared  Spices 
has  become  so  great  that  large  amounts  of  capital  have  been  invested  in  this 
branch  of  productive  industry,  and  several  firms  in  this  city  are  engaged  in  their  prep- 
aration. 

Among  the  most  note  worthy,  popular  and  reliable  manufacturers  in  this  city  we 
may  mention  Messrs.  THOMPSON  &  BILLINGS,  whose  sales  room  and  manufactory  are 
located  on  Monroe  near  the  corner  of  State  Street.  They  have  probably  the  best 


COFFEES,  SPICES  AND  TEAS.  191 

arranged  mills  in  this  city ;  and  their  facilities  for  grinding  Spices  and  Coffee,  and  the 
preperation  of  Chocolate,  and  Mustards  are  probably  iinequaled  by  any  other  estab- 
lishment in  Chicago.  From  small  beginnings  their  business  has  increased  to  an 
establishment  possessing  all  the  modern  improvements  —  their  machinery  is  driven 
by  steam  power.  The  business  integrity  of  the  proprietors  are  made  evident  in  the 
celebrity  of  their  establishment,  by  the  purity  and  extent  of  their  production,  and  the 
rapidly  increasing  demand  for  Thompson  &  Billing's  manufactures  of  Coffee,  Spices, 
Chocolate,  etc. 

With  a  spirit  of  commendable  liberality  this  firm  have  introduced  a  new  mode  of 
putting  up  their  Coffee  in  air  tight  tin  cans,  containing  from  one  to  ten  pounds  each, 
for  family  use  ;  thereby  retaining  for  a  great  length  of  time  all  the  rich  aroma,  which 
imparts  to  this  exhilarating  beverage,  that  delicate  flavor  so  grateful  to  the  lover  of  this 
delicious  luxury.  These  cans  are  enameled  in  colors,  presenting  a  neat  and  tasty 
appearance,  which  form  an  important  appendage  to  every  well  regulated  kitchen 
closet,  or  store-room. 

The  jobbing  trade  of  this  house  has  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  in  order  to 
supply  the  demand  they  are  compelled  to  run  their  mill,  much  of  the  time,  night  and 
day.  The  improved  mode  of  preparing  and  putting  up  Coffee  |has  made  it  a  leading 
business  in  every  large  city.  Few  persons  at  the  present  day  purchase  green  Coffee 
for  domestic  preparation,  for  the  fact  has  become  fully  demonstrated  that  Coffee  pre- 
pared by  a  celebrated  manufacturer  is  better  and  cheaper  to  the  consumer,  and  put  up 
in  these  air  tight  cans  will  keep  for  any  desired  length  of  time,  retaining  all  its  fresh- 
ness and  flavor. 

Messrs.  Thompson  &  Billings  have  added  the  sale  of  choice  Teas  to  their  stock  of 
Coffee  and  Spices,  and  will  always  keep  on  hand  a  full  supply  of  fresh  Teas  for  the 
better  accommodation  of  their  rapidly  increasing  retail  customers. 

Dr.  Thompson,  one  of  the  members  of  the  firm,  is  a  practical  chemist  of  large  ex- 
perience. Having  made  chemistry  a  life  study  he  has  endeavored  to  utilize  his 
experience  for  the  advancement  of  commerce.  For  several  years  past  he  has  been 
engaged  in  preparing  for  market  Flavoring  Extracts,  which  have  found  ready  and 
extensive  sale  with  Druggists  and  family  Grocers,  and  gone  into  every  state  in  the 
Union.  This  article  of  commerce  now  forms  an  important  item  in  the  jobbing  depart- 
ment of  this  house,  for  "  Thompson's  Flavoring  Extracts  "  are  widely  and  favorably 
known  to  house  keepers  as  well  as  to  the  mercantile  community. 

The  mercantile  reputation  of  this  house  is  so  favorably  known  throughout  the 
North-West,  that  merchants  ordering  goods  have  only  to  name  the  quality  and  quan- 
tity to  have  their  orders  satisfactorily  executed. 


PKOGRESSION  OF  INVENTION, 

rjlHEEE  is  always  progression,  but  it  is  a  progression  of  invention ;  the  destined 
JL  works  are  too  vast,  too  infinite  to  allow  a  long  delay  in  the  advancement  of  any 
one  accomplishment.  The  rival  and  growing  necessities  of  the  human  family,  and 
the  corresponding  pressure  which  they  impose  upon  the  toiling  hands  and  active  in- 
tellects of  the  age,  necessarily  impart  a  corresponding  importance  to  the  element  of 
time  and  the  value  of  labor.  This  is  true  of  every  civilized  country  on  the  globe  ;  it 
is  especially  so  of  the  United  States,  as  at  once  an  industrious  and  progressive  nation. 
Whether  in  multiplying  the  production  of  the  soil  or  elaborating  the  luxuries 
of  the  wardrobe,  the  genius  of  invention,  no  less  than  the  hand  of  toil,  finds  a 
still  widening  "  scope  and  verge "  for  action.  And  new  mechanical  auxilliaries  and 
appliances  are  in  demand  upon  the  farm  and  in  the  work-room.  What  the  steam 
plow  promises  to  be,  and  what  the  prize  mower  already  is  to  the  one,  the  Sewing  Ma- 
chine is  to  the  other.  The  Sewing  Machine  comes  as  a  boon  to  the  delicate  and  over- 
taxed slave  of  the  needle.  In  a  comparative  sense,  it  diminishes  her  toil  to  a  fraction  ; 
it  also  insures  her  the  compensation  of  a  day  for  less  than  the  fatigue  and  application 
of  an  hmvr  ! 

But  if  in  these  latter  lights  the  Sewing  Machine  may  be  regarded  as  a  household 
treasure,  it  only  becomes  really  so  in  proportion  to  the  judgment  exercised  in  its  se- 
lection. Sewing  Machines  of  innumerable  styles,  patterns  and  claims  to  patronage, 
constitute  one  of  the  most  curious  and  prominent  features  among  the  present  business 
rivalries  of  Chicago.  Among  those  now  before  the  public  claiming  prominence,  we 
propose  to  speak  of  SIGWALT  &  WHITMAN'S  PATENT  DOUBLE  LOCK  TIGHT  FAST  STITCH 
SEWING  MACAINES.  It  is  what  few  machines  are,  just  what  it  professes  to  be.  Among 
some  of  its  advantages,  it  claims,  first,  to  be  particularly  adapted  to  family  and  manu- 
facturing purposes,  is  made  of  the  best  materials,  is  substantial  and  durable,  simple  in 
its  construction  and  working,  easily  managed,  and  pronounced  by  competent  judges 
to  be  the  best  Machine  yet  presented  to  the  public. 

This  Machine  uses  a  straight  needle,  which  is  much  preferable  in  many  respects  — 
it  makes  the  Double  Lock  Tight  Fast  Stitch,  and  makes  an  elastic  seam  wliich  will  not 
rip,  though  every  third  stitch  be  cut.  The  combination  of  the  movements  is  such 
that  it  is  impossible  for  the  machine  to  get  out  of  order,  as  all  parts  must  act  in  unison 
with  each  other.  Its  seam  is  known  to  be  the  strongest,  smoothest  and  most  elastic  of 
any  seam  extant.  No  person  in  pursuit  of  a  Sewing  Machine  should  make  a  selection 
without  seeing  these,  which  may  be  found  at  Mr.  B.  F.  WIGGINS',  the  gentlemanly 


OPTIO — MATHEMATICAL  AND  PLILOSOPHIOAL  APPARATUS.  193 

proprietor  of  Wiggins'  Merchant  Tailor  and  "Wholesale  Manufacturing  Establishment. 
These  industrious  little  automaton  co-workers,  which  neither  require  wages  nor  food, 
are  silently,  perseveringly  enabling  Mr.  Wiggins  to  manufacture  clothing  at  such 
prices  that  he  can  supply  the  dealer  at  reduced  rates.  This  is  the  mission  these  truly 
simple  and  effective  machines  are  destined  to  accomplish  for  any  who  will  purchase 
and  do  Jikewiee. 

Mr.  Wiggins  employs  these  machines  for  making  custom  work  and  work  for  the 
jobbing  department  of  his  establishment. 

He  has  also  on  hand  some  forty  or  fifty  of  the  Sloat  Sewing  Machines,  both  for  fam- 
ily use  and  manufacturing  purposes,  which  he  oifers  cheap  for  cash. 

Mr.  Wiggins'  establishment  is  at  Y5  Lake  Street. 


OPTICS-MATHEMATICAL  AND  PHILOSOPHICAL  APPARATUS, 

OPTICS  is  the  science  which  treats  of  the  nature  of 
and  the  laws  of  the  phenomena  of  light  and  vision. 
The  Optician,  to  be  successful  in  his  trade,  must  be  a 
man  of  scientific  attainment  —  must  possess  artistic 
skill  and  genius;  all  of  which  qualifications  we  can  most  truly  claim  for  the  well 
known  and  long  established  firm  of  Messrs.  JAMES  FOSTEE,  JR.,  &  Co.,  of  Cincinnati, 
who  have  recently  established  a  branch  of  their  house  in  Chicago,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Louis  BOEELIN,  the  junior  member  of  the  firm.  We  are  proud  to  wel- 
come to  our  city  the  representative  of  so  scientific  and  important  a  branch  of  business 
from  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  commercial  houses  of  Cincinnati. 

In  order  to  fit  the -human  eye  with  artificial  aid  of  a  proper  kind,  the  Optician  must 
needs  be  a  scientific  man,  and  of  wide  experience;  such  we  can  claim  for  Mr.  Boerlin, 
who  received  his  early  education  in  Europe,  at  the  schools  of  Switzerland ;  which  with 
several  years  of  practical  experience  in  this  country,  well  fits  him  for  the  responsible 
position  he  will  occupy  here  in  his  new  field  of  operation. 

Among  the  leading  articles  comprising  their  well  selected  stock,  we  may  mention 
Marine  Glasses,  Opera  Glasses,  Telescopes,  Microscopes,  Spectacles,  Drawing  and 
Surveying  Instruments,  including  Burt's  Solar  Compass,  every  description  of  Field 
Instruments  for  Civil  Engineers,  such  as  Levels,  Transits,  Theodolites,  etc. ;  also 
some  of  the  best  Philosophical  Apparatus,  perhaps,  that  has  ever  been  brought  to  this 
city. 

In  1836,  Mr.  James  Foster,  Jr.,  the  senior  partner,  commenced  in  Cincinnati  the 
manufacture  of  Mathematical  and  Philosophical  Instruments,  since  which  time  he 
has  steadily  increased  his  operations,  until  now  he  takes  rank  with  the  first  house  of 

25 


194  UNIVERSITY   OF   CHICAGO. 

this  kind  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  F.  is  a  practical  scientific  workman,  having  spent 
a  life  time  in  its  study.  This  firm  are  prepared  to  furnish  every  description  of  appa- 
ratus for  school  or  higher  scientific  institutions,  from  the  plain  Electric  Machine  to 
the  best  Astronomical  Clock,  and  the  most  complicated  Galvanic  Apparatus. 

Mr.  Henry  Twitchell,  oae  of  the  partners  of  this  firm,  was  for  twelve  years  the 
assistant  of  Prof.  Mitchell  at  the  Cincinnati  Observatory.  His  early  acquirements,  and 
many  advantages  have  enabled  him  to  acquire  a  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  all 
the  requirements  of  any  piece  of  scientific  apparatus.  The  Cincinnati  house  give 
employment  to  a  large  number  of  skillful  and  scientific  workmen,  excelled  by  no  other 
establishment  of  a  similar  kind  on  this  continent. 

Any  articles  in  their  line  can  be  ordered  of  their  branch  house  in  this  city,  located 
at  No.  60  Dearborn  Street,  under  the  Matteson  House. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  OHIO  AGO, 

fact  that  we  have  too  many  Colleges  in  this  country  is  one  which  has  long 
J.  been  admitted  and  deplored  by  all  who  have  at  heart  the  interest  of  education 
and  sound  learning.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  if  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
dollars  that  have  been  comparatively  wasted  in  ill  designed  schemes  for  establishing 
collegiate  institutions  had  been  concentrated  upon  a  few  great  seminaries,  the  standard 
of  scholarship  would  have  been  far  higher  in  America,  the  expense  of  education  less- 
ened, and  the  humiliating  comparisons  so  often  instituted  between  our  own  Seminaries 
of  learning  and  those  of  England  and  Germany  would  never  have  been  drawn.  As  it 
now  is,  every  State  has  its  Colleges,  from  one  to  half  a  dozen  in  number,  the  majority 
of  which  are  constantly  struggling  "  to  keep  the  wolf  from  the  door,"  equipped  with 
libraries,  cabinets,  and  philosophical  apparatus,  half  paying  their  over-worked  profes- 
sors —  accepting,  from  necessity,  students  half  prepared  at  the  Academy  —  and  the 
results  are  seen  in  the  low  grade  of  culture  of  our  professional  men,  in  the  sciolism 
and  empirism  that  run  riot  in  the  community,  and  in  many  other  evils  which  we  lack 
space  to  particularize.  That  each  State,  or  large  section  of  a  State,  should  feel  an 
anxiety  to  have  its  own  College  is  natural  enough ;  but  it  is  a  theory  of  ours  which  will 
be  borne  out,  we  think,  by  facts,  that  the  true  seat  of  a  University  is  at  a  great  geo- 
graphical and  commercial  centre.  Such  a  centre  is  Chicago.  Situated  at  the  head  of 
the  great  chain  of  lakes  which  connects  the  East  with  the  "West  —  grasping  with  one 
hand  the  commerce  of  the  former,  and  with  the  other  the  exhaustless  agricultural  pro- 
ducts of  the  latter  —  the  focus  of  a  perfect  spider's  web  of  railroads,  whose  net-work 
stretches  to  the  very  confines  of  civilization,  and  which  pour  into  her  lap  the  "  lactea 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CHICAGO.  195 

vfiertas"  of  six  great  States — Chicago,  which  a  few  years  ago  was  a  mere  trading  post, 
has  become  a  mighty  city,  whose  influence  radiates  throughout  the  entire  North-West; 
and  hence  the  importance  of  making  it  a  great  educational  centre,  to  which  the  youth 
of  Illinois,  "Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota  may  resort,  is  obvious  at  the 
first  glance.  Appreciating  this  fact,  the  friends  of  learning  have  labored  with  much 
self-sacrifice  to  establish  here  a  University  —  a  University  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name 

—  distinguished  alike  for  its  endowment  and  its  breadth  of  comprehensiveness  of  plan 

—  Christian  but  not  sectarian  —  answerable  in  short  to  a  want  long  'and  deeply  felt, 
and  the  result  is  to  be  seen  in  the  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO.     Though  lacking  the  asso- 
ciations which  cluster  around  the  older  institutions  of  the  East,  it  is  in  the  full  tide 
of  successful  experiment,  and  is  enjoying  a  prosperity  which  probably  not  one  of  them 
in  its  infancy  could  boast.     Like  Pallas  from  the  head  of  Jove,  it  has  sprung  forth  in 
full  panoply,  with  its  Law  Department,  its  Literary  and  Theological  Societies,  its 
Clubs,  Class  Organizations,  and  Gymnasiums  —  and  has  a  number  of  students  of 
which  any  but  the  oldest  institutions  might  be  proud.     Four  years  ago  a  dozen  only 
were  in  attendance,  and  now  they  are  counted  by  hundreds,  and  what  is  unpreciden- 
ted,  we  believe,  in  the  history  of  American  Colleges  —  already  the  receipts  for  tuition 
exceed  those  of  the  oldest  eastern  Colleges.    This  fact  speaks  trumpet-tongued  for  the 
energy  and  ability  of  the  management,  the  qualifications  of  the  faculty  of  instruc- 
tion, and  the  intellectual  and  moral  advantages  of  the  institution ;  a  fact  whose  signifi- 
cance is  intensified  by  the  unparalleled  embarrasment  of  the  times  in  which  this 
enterprise  has  gone  forward.     The  University  unites  to  its  other  advantages  that  of  a 
charming  location,  in  the  grove  on  the  bank  of  lake  Michigan,  sufficiently  near  to  the 
city  to  render  available  all  its  advantages  of  libraries,  lectures,  refined  and  intellectual 
society,  etc.,  yet  far  enough  from  the  fumum  strepitumgue  Romm  to  ensure  health 
and  quiet.     It  will  continue,  we  trust,  to  be  thronged  by  hundreds  of  the  youth  of  the 
"West,  till  all  its  majestic  proportions  are  complete,  and  it  shall  challenge  comparison 
with  the  moss-grown  institutions  of  Cambridge  and  New  Haven. 

HISTORICAL  OUTLINE. —  The  University  of  Chicago,  as  before  intimated,  had  ita 
origin  in  the  conviction  of  its  founders,  of  the  necessity  of  such  an  Institution,  both  to 
the  city  of  Chicago  and  the  great  country  to  which  the  city  is  so  intimately  linked. 

By  many,  aware  from  past  examples  how  disastrous  to  any  society  is  the  too  rapid 
and  exclusive  development  of  the  spirit  of  gain,  the  unprecedented  material  pros- 
perity of.  both  city  and  country  had  long  been  viewed  with  deep  concern.  The 
necessity  of  some  corresponding  development  of  educational  and  religious  interests, 
was  apparent,  and  it  was  foreseen  that  an  Institution  of  learning,  of  high  order,  incor- 
porated into  the  life  of  this  community,  while  yet  young  and  formative,  sharing  its 
growth,  and  standing  as  an  exponent  of  its  culture,  would  occupy  a  position  of  in- 
fluence rarely  equaled. 

In  the  spirit  of  these  views,  the  Hon.  S.  A.  Douglas,  in  the  year  1854,  expressed  his 
willingness  to  donate  ten  acres  of  beautiful  grove,  adjacent  to  the  southern  limits  of 


196  UNIVERSITY    OF   CHICAGO. 

the  city,  for  the  purpose  of  a  University,  so  soon  as  responsible  parties  should  be  found 
ready  to  accept  it. 

On  the  2d  day  of  April,  1856,  Mr.  Douglas  conveyed  to  Rev.  J.  C.  Burroughs,  in 
the  city  of  Washington,  the  proposed  site,  on  certain  conditions.  On  the  6th  of  July 
following,  at  a  meeting  of  citizens  of  Chicago,  called  for  the  purpose,  a  preliminary 
organization  was  effected,  to  which  the  grant,  as  originally  stipulated,  was  transferred. 
On  the  31st  of  the  same  month,  the  books  were  opened  for  subscriptions,  and  within 
two  months,  $100,000  were  subscribed.  This  amount  has  been  subsequently  increased 
to  about  $225,000. 

On  the  2d  day  of  April,  1857,  an  act  of  incorporation  was  obtained  from  the  Legis- 
lature of  Illinois.  The  Board  of  Trustees,  held  its  first  meeting  on  the  24th  of  May 
following,  and  elected  officers.  The  Board  of  Regents  provided  by  the  charter  with 
powers  of  visitation  and  supervision,  especially  of  the  internal  -affairs  of  the  University, 
its  courses  of  instruction,  discipline,  etc.,  was  also  organized.  The  Executive  Com- 
mittee were  instructed  to  proceed  immediately  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements 
for  the  erection  of  buildings. 

The  plane  prepared  by  W.  "W.  Boyington,  Esq.,  contemplates  an  imposing  stone 
structure  in  Norman  architecture.  The  part  completed,  about  ninety  feet  front,  has 
been  universally  admired  for  its  beauty,  convenient  arrangement,  excellent  ven- 
tilation, etc. 

On  the  4th  of  July  following,  the  corner  stone  was  laid  with  public  ceremonies. 
Immediately  after,  however,  the  financial  embarrassments  in  which  the  country  has 
subsequently  been  involved,  were  so  clearly  foreshadowed  that  the  Trustees  deemed  it 
wise  to  suspend  all  further  work  on  the  building,  and  accordingly  no  progress  was 
made  for  the  next  two  years.  In  July,  1858,  work  was  resumed,  and  the  south  wing 
of  the  building  was  pushed  rapidly  on  to  completion. 

In  the  history  of  the  University,  the  name  of  William  Jones,  Esq.,  one  of  the  old 
and  well  known  residents  of  Chicago,  will  ever  occupy  a  prominent  place,  as  one  to 
whose  energy  and  liberality  the  resuscitation  of  the  enterprise,  when  it  seemed  almost 
hopelessly  paralyzed,  is  in  a  great  measure  due. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  in  September,  1858,  it  was  resolved  to  begin  the  work 
of  instruction.  The  President  and  two  Professors  were  chosen,  and  on  the  29th  of  the 
same  month,  small  classes  were  organized  in  temporary  rooms. 

The  building  was  dedicated  on  the  22d  of  July,  1859,  when  addresses  wore  deliv- 
ered by  Hon.  J.  R.  Doolittle,  of  the  United. States  Senate,  and  Dr.  A.  C.  Kendrick, 
of  Rochester  University. 

In  1858  the  Trustees  resolved  upon  the  important  measure  of  organizing  the  Law 
Department,  towards  the  endowment  of  which  the  Hon.  Thomas  Hayne  had  secured 
to  the  Board  the  payment  of  five  thousand  dollars.  On  the  21st  of  September  follow- 
ing, the  department  went  into  operation,  under  the  present  Faculty,  with  an  opening 
address  by  Hon.  David  Dudley  Fields,  of  New  York. 


RAILROADS.  197 

GREAT   CENTRAL   ROUTE. 


MIGH1IAN  «T1IL 


BETWEEN  DETEOIT  AND  CHICAaO,  284  MILES, 

Is  one  of  the  connecting  links  in  the  direct  and  shortest  line  of  rail  communication  between  the  Atlantic 
sea-board  and  to  Mississippi  and  the  North-  West;  and  with  its  connections,  forming  a  through  route 
uuequaled  for  speed,  safety  and  comfort. 

E^STEPllSr    OOISriSTEOTIOISrS. 

At  DETROIT  with  the  GREAT  WESTERN  RAILWAY,  for  London,  Hamilton,  Toronto,  Suspension 

Bridge,  Niagara  Falls,  Albany,  New  York,  Boston,  etc.,  etc. 
With  the  BUFFALO  &  LAKE  HURON  RAILWAY,  for  Buffalo. 
With  the  GRAND  TRUNK,  for  Toronto,  Montreal,  Quebec,  etc.,  and  thence  by  rail  connections  to  all 

the  principal  intermediate  and  sea-board  cities  in  the  States  and  Canadas. 


At  MICHIGAN  CITY  with  the  NEW  ALBANY  &  SALEM  RAILROAD,  to  New  Albany,  Louisville, 
LaFayette,  Indianapolis,  Cincinnati,  etc.,  forming  the  SHORTEST  ROUTE  between  Chicago  and  all 
the  cities  named,  the  travel  being  accommodated  by  two  express  trains  daily  each  way.  NO  CHANGE 
OF  PASSENGERS  OR  BAGGAGE. 

At  Chicago  (at  the  GREAT  CENTRAL  DEPOT,  with  the  advantages  of  transfer  of  passengers  and 
baggage  within  the  same  building,)  with  the  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  to  all  Central  and 
Southern  Illinois,  Cairo  and  Lower  Mississippi  River  points;  also  to  Dunleith  and  the  Upper  Mississippi 
River  points. 

With  the  CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  &  QUINCY  RAILROAD,  to  Galesburgh,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
and  thence  by  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Road  to  Southern  Iowa,  Council  Bluffs,  and  Omaha 
City  ;  and  with  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad  to  St.  Joseph,  Levenworth,  Lawrence,  Kansas 
City,  etc.,  etc. 

Also,  close  connection  with  the  GALENA  &  CHICAGO  UNION,  the  CHICAGO  &  MILWAUKEE, 
the  CHICAGO  &  NORTH-WESTERN,  the  CHICAGO  &  ROCK  ISLAND,  and  the  CHICAGO 
ALTON  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROADS. 


Case's  Patent  Sleeping  Cars  Accompany  eacn  NigM  Train. 

RUTTAN'S  PATENT  VENTILATING  CARS  ON  ALL  DAY  TRAINS. 

The  facilities  and  reputation  of  this  Line  and  its  Eastern  connections,  for  the  transportation  of  freight 
and  live  stock,  between  Chicago  and  all  Eastern  points,  are  too  well  known  and  appreciated  to  require 
further  notice. 

o  :E*  :E*  i  o  :E  n. » . 

J.  W.  BROOKS,  President,  Boston,  H.  E.  SARGENT,  General  Freight  Agent,  Chicago 

R.  N.  RICE,  General  Superintendent,  Detroit,  THOS.  FRAZER,  General  Ticket  Agent,  Detroit. 

C.  H.  HURD,  Assistant  J.  W.  SMITH,  Western  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago. 

IdT  Freight  Contracts,  Bills  of  Lading  and  information  furnished  at  the  offices  of  the  Company  in  the 
following  places : 

CHICAGO— Office  of  the  General  Agent,  foot  South  Water  Street. 

"  Office  Tremont  House,  cor.  Lake  and  Dearborn  Sts.,  G.  C.  Drew,  Agent. 

NEW  YORK— Office  173  Broadway,  Darius  Clark,  Agent 
BOSTON— Office  21  State  Street,  P.  K.  Randall,  Agent. 

"  Office  21  State  Street,  Otis  Kimball,  Agent. 

BUFFALO — Office  Western  Transportation  Co.  Block,  C.  L.  Seymour,  Agent. 
ST.  LOUIS— Office  11  City  Building,  Commercial  Street,  N.  Stevens,  Agent 


198 


RAILROADS. 


\ 


GEEAT  CONSOLIDATED  LINE! 


CINCINNATI  AND  CHICAGO 


4=0 


H.OTJTE3  TO 


CINCINNATI,  INDIANAPOLIS  AND  LOUISVILLE. 

Two  Express  Trains  Leave  the  West  Side  Uiiioii  Depot,  Chicago,  Daily, 

Morning  and  Evening. 

THKOUG-H  TO  CINCINNATI  &  INDIANAPOLIS  WITHOUT  CHANGE  OF  CAES, 


c  H  in  oat  ID  :D    TO    -A.XJX* 


EASTEKN 
CONNECTIONS 

AT 

ANDERSON 

.AND 

R  1C  HIM  ONE), 


SIDNEY, 

UNION, 

PIQUA, 

BELLEFONTAINE, 

URBAN  A, 

MILLFORD, 

DAYTON, 

XEN1A, 

COLUMBUS, 

NEWARK, 

ZANESVILLE, 

EATON, 

HAMILTON, 

And  all  points  in  Central, 
Southern  and  Eastern 
Ohio. 


(Krauts  uj 


SOUTHEEN 
CONNECTIONS 

AT 

KOKOMO, 

roa 

INDIANAPOLIS, 
COLUMBUS, 
MADISON, 
LAWRENCEBURG, 
JEFFERSONVILLE, 

And  all  points  in  Central 
and  Southern  Indiana ; 

ALSO    FOR 

LOUISVILLE, 

Frankfort, 

LKXINOTON. 
And  all  points  SOUTH. 


THROUGH  FREIGHT  TRAINS  DAILY  leave  Chicago,  through  to   CINCINNATI  without  change 
of  Cars  or  breaking  bulk.      RATES  ALWAYS  AS  LOW  AS  THE  LOWEST. 
Through  in  Thirty-six  Hours. 

Connections  at  CINCINNATI  for  HAMDEN,  MARIETTA,  PARKERSBURG,  and  points  on  the 

Ohio  River. 

TIME  TO  CINCINNATI,  ONLY  ELEVEN  HOURS. 

ELEGANT  SLEEPING  CARS  ON  ALL  NIGHT  TRAINS. 

jgg~  THROUGH  TICKETS  by  this  Line  can  be  obtained  at  all  the  principal  Railroad  Offices  of  the 
North- West,  and  at  the  Company's  Office,  No.  133  Randolph  Street,  under  the  Sherman  House,  and  at  the 
Depot,  corner  of  Madison  and  Canal  Streets,  West  Side,  Chicago. 

OFFICERS.— W.  D.  JUDSON,  President,  New  York  City;  J.  BRANT,  Jr.,  Superintendent, Richmond, 
Ind  •   HENRY  MORGAN,  Treasurer,  New  York ;    CHAS.  E.  FOLLET,  General  Ticket  Agent;  S.  W 
CHAPMAN,  General  Freight  Agent;    N.  H.  MOORE,  General  Agent,  133  Randolph  Street,  Chicago 
S.  A.  LEWIS,  Western  Passenger  Agent. 


RAILROADS.  199 

ERIE 


BROAD   GAUGE 


DOUBLE  TRACK  ROUTE! 

—  -».».*-  — 

Connecting  in  NEW  YORK  with  continuous  Lines  of  Railroads  and  "Water  Lines  to  all  the 

PEINCIPAL  CITIES  &  TOWNS  OF  THE  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES 


THROUGH  BETWEEN  DUNKIRK  OR  BUFFALO  &  NEW  YORK 

-WITHOUT     OH^lSTGrE     OF1 


MICHIGAN  SOUTHERN  DEPOT,  Cor.  Van  Buren  &  Sherman  Sta,  Chicago. 

PITTSBUKG  &  FORT  WAYNE  DEPOT,  Cor.  Madison  &  Canal  Sts.,  Chicago. 
MICHIGAN  CENTRAL  DEPOT,  Foot  of  Lake  Sreet,  Chicago. 

EXPRESS  TRAINS  leave  DUNKIRK  and  BUFFALO  daily,  on  arrival  of  all  Trains  on  the  Lake 

Shore  Railroad,  from 

CLEVELAND,  CHICAGO,  MILWAUKEE,  St.  PAUL 

AND  THE  WEST  AND  NORTH-WEST,  FOR 

NEW  YORK,  BOSTON,  AND  PHILADELPHIA, 

AND  PRINCIPAL  POINTS  IN  NEW  ENG-LAND. 

The  perfect  system  of  controlling  the  movements  of  all  Trains  by  the  use  of  an  exclusive  Telegraph 
Line,  insures  great  dispatch  and  perfect  security,  making  it 

THE  MOST  COMFORTABLE,  SAFE  AND  EXPEDITIOUS  ROUTE  TO  THE  EAST  ! 

Boston  Passengers  have  choice  of  the  New  York  Markets,  without  any  additional  cost,  and  can  go  from 
New  York  to  Boston  either  via  all  rail  or  via  Sound  Steamers. 

Passengers  and  Baggage  transferred  free  in  New  York.    Connections  sure. 

SPLENDID,  WIDE  GAUGE,  VENTILATED  PALACE 


ACCOMPANY  ISTIGrHT  TRAINS. 

This  is  the  ONLY  ROUTE  by  which  passengers  can  leave  Chicago  on  Friday  Evening,  and  arrive  in 

New  York  Sunday  Morning. 

BAGGAGE  CHEKCED  THROUGH  TO  ALL  POINTS  EAST. 
TIME  AS  QUICK  AND  FARE  ALWAYS  AS  LOW  AS  BY  ANY  OTHER  ROUTE. 

Be  particular  and  ask  for  tickets  via  Erie  Railway.    ^  0  ^4  H 

Tickets  for  sale  at  all  the  principal  Railroad  Graces  in  the  West.  Also,  at  the  Michigan  Southern  and 
Michigan  Central  Railroad,  and  Pittsburgh  and  Fort  Wayne  Railroad  offices,  and  Erie  Railway  office  64 
Clark  Street,  under  Sherman  House,  Chicago. 

CHAS,  MINOT,  Gen'l  Supt.  E.  S.  SPENCER,  Western  Agent, 


200 


RAILROADS. 


Chicago  d  North- Western  Railway. 

THIS  VERY  POPULAR  RAILWAY 

Is  now  in  Complete  and  and  Perfect  Order.    Having  added  largely  to  rts  Equipment  and  Motive  Power, 

It  is  iii  every  respect 


IRST    CLA 


ROAD, 


Its  Connections  with  so  many  different 

KOADS,   STEAMBOAT  AND   STAGE   EOUTES  IN  THE  NOKTH-WEST, 

Must  eventually  make  it  one  of  the  most  remunerative  Corporations  in  the 

Western  Country. 
BY  ITS  RUNNING  ARRANGEMENTS, 

EXPRESS  TRAINS  LEAVE  OHIOAG-O  DAILY 


BELOIT, 

JANESVILLE, 

ROCKFORD, 

FREEPORT, 

GALENA, 

MADISON, 
PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEN, 

LA   CROSSE, 


On  the  arrival  of  Trains  from  the  East  and  South,  for 
HHH 
I  PAUL 


ST.  PAUL, 

FOND  DU  LAC, 
OSHKOSH, 

BERLIN, 

RIPON, 

APPLETON, 

GREEN  BAY. 


AND  ALL  POINTS  ON  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

By  a  glance  at  the  Map  above,  our  readers  can  form  some  idea  of  the  many  points  in  the  North  and 
North- West  that  can  be  reached  by  this  Popular  Road. 

The  COMPANY'S  OFFICE  is  in  CHICAGO,  corner  of  Lake  and  Clark  Streets;  and  its  Operating 
Officers  are  as  follows : 

GEO.  L.  DUNLAP,  Superintendent.  CHAS.  S.  TAPPIN,  General  Freight  Agent. 

E.  DE  WITT  ROBINSON,  General  Passenger  Agent. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


